I'm going to try this with volleyball. Have I ever played volleyball in a structured setting? No. Have I watched a lot of volleyball? No. Will any of this be accurate? Maybe. Will I defend my choices? Hard pass.
Setter: not surprisingly this position is in charge of setting up the offense and is a sort of defacto leader even if they aren't the captain. If things are going right you'll be doing a lot in all facets of the game. For players who want to drive the game in all pillars. Wizard, Bard, Cleric, Druid
Outside Hitter: you need someone who can consistently spike the ball. This is the closest to a rockstar in volleyball according to my friend who was an Outside Hitter in high school. For players that want to nova while still being pretty good in other areas. Paladin, Hexblade, Battlemaster, Rogue, Ranger, Monk.
Opposite Hitter: not as many responsibilities as the Outside Hitter. Apparently they are back line spiking specialists, which sounds difficult but the videos I watched of them are cool. For combat lovers that like to hit hard while hanging out in the back. One trick ponies go here, too. Sorcerer, Evocation Wizard, Monk, anyone with Sharpshooter.
Middle Blocker: they're tanks. A little bit of offense, but mostly they are there to play defense. Some people just want get in your face and not break under pressure. Those people are Middle Blockers. Barbarian, Paladins, EK, Cavalier, Moon Druids, Clerics
Libero: they wear a different jersey and are often running everywhere. Sort of a unique back line defensive specialist that sacrifices offense. They didn't get the memo that D&D has a damage meta and want to spend their time doing the other parts of the game well. Artificer, Divination/Abjuratiob Wizard, Clerics, Bards, Monks, Rogues.
Defensive Specialist/Serving Specialist: there may or may not be contention with using either of these as an actual position. More of a volleyball subclass than class if we're using 5e terms. This is for people who can't make it every session. They pop in and out as things go. Useful when they're there. DMs aren't building major story arcs with them in mind, though.
Most classes can be a number of different positions. I just listed good examples.