Thanks for all the advice, and for the XGtE hints. Very helpful stuff for a newbie 5e GM!
The situation is this:
Before the scene (a banquet), an enemy NPC privately conjures a bunch of little elementals. She instructs them to remain hidden until a particular cue (a bell to start the meal), then burst out and attack everyone in sight. By the time the cue happens, that NPC will likely be conversing with the PCs.
In this case, it sounds like there's not really a way for the PCs to tell specifically if the caster is concentrating on the conjuration, since they don't see her cast it and she doesn't otherwise interact with the elementals. If the players get suspicious for some reason, their PCs can roll an Insight check to see if she's hiding something, even if they don't know what.
I like that. It keeps it in the realm of the NPC's motives rather than her mechanics.