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The closest ones are Shadow Blade, from Tome of Battle, which only works with certain weapons while in a Shadow Hand stance, and Crossbow Sniper from PHB 2, which adds something like half your Dex bonus to damage I think when using crossbows. And Shadow Blade specifically applies only to melee damage.
If you look at non core books there are two options - one from Ronin Arts Feats for higher level fighters (or something like that), and
Heroes of High Favour: Elves which has Improved Weapon Finesse.
One needs a Dex 15+, Weapon Finesse and BAB +6, and the other I can't remember off the top of my head.
Drow of the Underdark has an alternate fighter class feature called Hit and Run.
You give up proficiency in Heavy Armour and Shields and in return, you get your Dex to damage against flat-footed opponents (must be within 30ft though).
Crossbow sniper (from PHB II, pg 77). Allows you to add 1/2 Dex mod to damage rolls for a crossbow that you have weapon focus in (a prerequisite for the feat).