I think you need some basis for what law and chaos are for you to begin with.
For me, lawfulness is group-oriented, sacrificing some of the individual's benefits in favor of the community.
Conversely, chaos is more individual-oriented, sacrificing some of the communities benefits in favor of the individual.
The best example of this that comes to mind would be privacy; a society that completely takes away someones privacy would be lawful, whereas one that grants complete privacy to the individual would be chaotic. Or, at the least, would trend towards that in those specific instances. The lack of privacy ostensibly benefits the community whereas the right of privacy ostensibly benefits the individual. Not necessarily completely true, but I think it works as a decent example.
As such, a chaotic society could, conceivably, be veritably riddled with laws. Mainly bent towards the protection of the individual. As well as the fact that the community may be wrong. The USA was, at one point, like this and still is, to a degree. It's individual-oriented and possesses a few laws that could be read as allowances for rebellion.
At the most basic level, I'd say any society where anyone could conceivably take the reins of power also falls into the realm of a chaotic society. Thus, the sometimes stereotypical "Challenge the chieftain, kill him, and become chieftain" society would be chaotic, presuming just anyone (or nearly anyone) could challenge said chieftain.
Generally speaking, though, society and government seems to be an inherently Lawful Neutral or Lawful Evil thing in my eyes.
As someone more or less said in another alignment thread, I may not be able to explain law and chaos, but I know it when I see it. Community and individual-oriented seems to be the best way to put it, at least for me.