I think you are misreading 5e.
There are less random bonuses in 5e, but those that exist all stack (except with themselves).
Because stacking rules suck; they get complicated and annoying.
Mage Armor ending when you put on armor ... is fluff. Almost all AC calculations in 5e substitute for each other rather than stack; they aren't bonuses, they are new ways to calculate your AC.
Stacking bonuses on d20 rolls is a big problem; the tendency to do that breaks bounded accuracy. So there are few ways to get a bonus to d20 rolls (or DCs) in 5e; despite that, all such bonuses stack (except with themselves), because ... stacking rules suck.
Attunement was a mechanism to get rid of the christmas tree problem of 3e and 4e.
Concentration was aimed at permitting strong, impactful spells with a duration, without having to balance having 10 of them up at once. 3e showed how this was a problem, and the concentration solution is a bit more elegant than the 4e "sustain" one.
Worrying less about stacking is solved by (a) saying "yes it stacks" and (b) limited effects that can stack instead of how they stack.