Most of the weapons were real world, but few were used at the same time in the real world. When the Romans developed metalworking to be able to make short swords, they ruled the world. Who would use a short sword in King Arthur's time? Or in Renaissance Italy? Who uses bows today? Not anyone who can access a gun! If some weapons are clearly superior, then the others should logically be doomed to obscurity. Especially in a game where the time required to train with a more sophisticated weapon isn't really factored in.
Maybe you should look a bit better at what type of weapons the romans used (or medieval/renaissance armies). They had a lot of different weapons, partly also because many weapons were only effective against certain types of armors or enemies (although the Romans instead of using different weapons preferred to have auxiliary troops equipped with them) , something which D&D sadly never modeled very well and likely never will considering the current direction of oversimplification. Also, there were other considerations taken into account when choosing weapons, although some of them do not apply to D&D characters (training, etc.).
Fun Fact: Benjamin Franklin lobbied for the American army to be equipped with longbows instead of guns.
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