From a DM's perspective, I've seen all of 'em used, as at least some monster entry has each of those (with the possible exception of bolas).
I've never seen a PC use a sling, shortbow, javelin, or shuriken. Most either go composite longbow route (for the Str modifier) or some form of crossbow (for the higher threat range and the fact that it shows up on more class proficiency lists).
The fact that I've never seen a non-elven or non-multiclassed arcane spellcaster PC probably explains some of this.