A couple of peeps have mentioned polar exploration, and just recently we watched a brilliant documentary on Shackleton and how he and his crew of around 30 people all survived a series of misfortunes during his 1924-1917 expedition. IIRC the only deaths were the sled dogs and a cat that had become a bit of a mascot. The fact that Shackleton was able to keep his crew alive and himself spending weeks in a small boat sailing to the nearest help whilst the rest lived on seals for 5 months is astounding.
Tying in something like this with a Call of Cthulhu, Mountains of Madness, discovery themed game or other harsh biome themed game would be pretty interesting to play.
A quote about Shackleton at the time sums up the man: "For scientific discovery give me Scott; for speed and efficiency of travel give me Amundsen; but when disaster strikes and all hope is gone, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton".