Female upper-body strength is roughly 40 percent of male upper-body strength, and female lower-body strength is roughly 70 percent of male lower-body strength.pawsplay said:Human upper body muscle mass is about 50% more than females. Lower body strength is much closer, within 10%.
It's only when you adjust for the fact that males are much larger that male and female lower-body strength become comparable -- and a huge rift in upper-body strength remains.
There's a reason why athletes take synthetic male hormones (anabolic-androgenic steroids) and not female hormones ("the pill") to improve strength and power.
Sheer muscle mass makes a tremendous difference in swinging a heavy implement.pawsplay said:Swinging a mace involves a lot more than bulk upper body strength. In fact, since Str in D&D mostly relates to fast movement, it's doubtful that sheer muscle mass makes a large difference.
Absolute muscle mass correlates extremely strongly with the amount an individual can lift, the distance an individual can throw a heavy object (like a discus or spear, rather than a baseball), and the "power" an individual can put into a hit (especially with an implement like a club or bat).pawsplay said:The thing muscle mass most clearly relates to is carrying capacity, which involves the whole body.
Relative muscle mass, or muscle per unit of body weight, correlates well with sprinting speed, jumping distance, climbing ability, etc. Males have greater relative upper-body muscle mass and strength than women. They can typically perform chin-ups, for instance. Even in lower-body mass, where relative strength is much closer, men run faster, jump farther, etc.
It takes an extreme skill advantage to overcome the strength disadvantage most women face in grappling.pawsplay said:Of those, I'd say that grappling would probably be the biggest difference. Even then, I've known plenty of women who can hold their own in grappling.
Are you honestly trying to pretend that strength is not a major factor in fighting? With swords and armor?pawsplay said:Unless D&D starts placing a much larger emphasis on baseball or bench pressing than in previous editions, I would be extremely dubious toward any Str modifier for men versus women.