Examples
- In another post I asked for clarification on how a failed perception check led to needing a shoe replaced and @AnotherGuy responded with D&D General - [rant]The conservatism of D&D fans is exhausting.. 
- "Failed attempt at kidnap => word on the street of a knife-wielding assailant." in D&D General - [rant]The conservatism of D&D fans is exhausting..
- In the same post Pemerton also mentioned "Failed Sing to try and restore my sense of self => harassed by a guard." 
For #1, what I didn't understand was that the character was in a ditch, failed a perception check to notice a trap and were lucky that it only damaged their shoe.  The failed perception check caused the character to not notice a trap the effect was that the trap was triggered.  Cause and effect clearly linked.  For #2, their character did try to kidnap someone at knife point and failed.  Cuse and effect also clearly linked because he was the knife wielding assailant. But #3?  Failed to restore his sense of self and failed so a guard shows up?  There's no connection between what the character was doing and the complication, just a correlation of unrelated events.
That #3, no connection between the action and the complication, is pretty common in examples.  Fail a lockpick check and 
because you failed the attempt you get noticed by someone.  A guard coming along, being noticed while attempting a break-in and similar are fine in and of themselves but there is no cause and effect, no logical chain of events showing causation instead of correlation. 
Attempting a break-in and flub a stealth check, fail a perception check to notice the dog, fail an investigation check and set off the alarm are all things that would connect the failure to a result of a guard showing up.  But that kind of correlation is in no way required or even expected.  If you're saying that I'm incorrect about this than you need to also correct a whole lot of people who have said otherwise.  Because what I've been told is that sometimes there's a logical chain of events and sometimes there's not.