Science in High Middle Ages

I have it and have found it very useful as well. You might like some of the classes in the book as well as the sections on the Arts. I've often though that art as both a source of science and as an almost arcane discipline is far too underplayed in the game.

Is this the Green Ronin book you were talking about?

[ame=http://www.amazon.com/Mythic-Vistas-Medieval-Players-Handbook/dp/1932442146]Amazon.com: Mythic Vistas: Medieval Player's Handbook: David Chart, David Leri: Books[/ame]

G.
 

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This game looks extensively medieval. It may be hard to mesh with vanilla D&D. :) Especially at higher levels of play. I have run, played in and helped out with games heavily flavored and influenced by medievalism. Have you thought about a different system for them? D20 Past? Modern? GURPS? Perhaps True20? (The latter may be a particularly apt match.)
 

I do object to your presentation of the church as a anti-science body of religious oppression over a 1000 years in all places on the continent.

You are making assumptions in favor of your own argument. I never said that and I don't think it was the case. You have one very specific worldview and carry an idea of a particular opposing worldview you have decided, without evidence, that I have. Pause and re-examine our discussion, you are filling in the blanks yourself.

You talk about the Spanish Inquisition and other events from the 15th - 17th centuries and call it the middle ages.

I wasn't the one who brought up the Spanish Inquisition. You are playing games here. And most of what I was discussing was the Inqusition in relation to the Albigensian Crusade which was in the Medieval period (13th Century).

Secondly, you want to make the claim that the secular authorities were generally more just and "corrupted" by the ideas of the church, which is just balderdash.

I never said they were more just, show me where I said that? I said that they got their ideas of the legal viability of Torture from the Church.

For the most part, being a part of the church was like being part of the local bureaucracy of the current day. You might become a priest or a bishop by being a noble's second son, or a gifted peasant from a monastic or cathedral school. You may or may not be especially religious as a priest or a bishop, but you were generally a part of the local community and its primary form of social assistance.

Agreed.

Generally when new religious movements came in, they took over church property, killed various clergy and religious, and imposed their brand of religion over the local populace, usually at the behest of a local ruler. The Cathars were no exception.

This is spin. If the Cathars were forcing their beliefs on the people, as if they were some conquering army (like the Anti-Cathar Crusaders were), why did Catholics all over the South of France fight to the death to defend them?

No, but you are trying to whitewash the Cathars into ...(snip) all nice peaceful good guys who were destroyed by the evil Catholic Church.

Again, I never said they were good guys. I said the region was prosperous and thriving intelectually regardless of their presence. I said they were effectively laissez faires, do you refute that? I also specifcally pointed out that they were no better or worse than any other religious doctrine as far as I can tell.

I notice you take the highest number you can find for the amount dead, and then say it is even more than that. You telling me you don't have an axe to grind?

No, I think that is an accurate figure. I'm at least as well informed on this era as you are, even though you are trying to pretend you have expertise here that no-one else has. Once again your ASS-ume.

Torture wasn't rare under germanic law bucko, particularly with serious crimes that required ordeal.

"buko?" Seriously?

Trial by ordeal arrived after Christianity as I'm sure you are well aware, largely to replace dueling.

At least though you admit that medieval justice was not as cruel as most people make it out to be today. Most people are shocked when I tell them that for all but the most serious crimes, people paid fines according to their social class and income. Unfortuneately for you, the church largely punished by means of fines too.

This was the old Tribal law. The Roman law was all the torture etc.

As well, torture and capital punishment in church courts were generally reserved for recalcitrant offenders, wheras those who sought forgiveness were generally granted it. Excommunication was used like outlawry was in secular courts, to put oneself outside of the protection of the church court. It was often times not as effective.

Wheras in Tribal society outlawry had actually been effective. Once the structure became more hierarchical, Roman methods were selected in favor of the old "barbarian" ways.

Yes, that's what I'm saying the spanish inquisition was about. It was not a progom against the jews, it was a political purge and land grab of a conquered people

That is pretty much what a Pogrom is.

Pogrom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You obviously know very little about European Tribal traditions buddy. I'm the son of a farmer with a lot of land, and my grandfather has 105 descendants. Do you know what I could do to you under germanic law to somebody like you with that combination? Pretty much anything I damn well please.

Once again you ASSume. You don't know a thing about me and your interpretation of Tribal customs if charicteristically facile. You seem in this case to be ASSuming that A) I wouldn't have any family or property(actually I also have a large family) that B) that you would be more popular than I am, C) that I'm not part of say, a sworn brotherhood of some kind (I have a lot of close friends who are ex-military) or D) under the patronage of a powerful Chieftain (such as the Dark Age equivalent of my current employer).

And in additon to the unknown factor of how many allies each of us had, assuming I was a free man like 90% of society, whether or not your could oppose your will upon me would depend on which one of us could fight, since by Germanic Tribal law I could challenge you to a duel even if I didn't have as large of a family. And I'd be willing to take my chances, I have been studying martial arts and handling swords for twenty five years.

The truth is Tribal culture was very complex and the Assemblies rarely bent to the will of one family. In pagan tims European Clans tended to do their best to prevent accumulations of power.

And frankly I'd be delighted to go out to the island with you mate, if I didn't have to worry about legal consequences I'd do that on very slight provocation. I can think of a few institutions I'd like to challenge to Holmgang right now if I was allowed to.

So show me the facts. I looked at various court rolls when I studied medieval history in university. The most common punishments were fines, with excommunications being the primary tool to force people to come to the church court to make amends for fishing in the bishop's stream, or refusing to pay a certain tax for getting married.

You can't have it both ways, you already pointed out the secular authorities did the same (i.e. most punishments were fines). But they didn't conduct inquisitions.

Of course, heating up a tub full of hot water or hauling water without indoor plumbing was arduous and expensive, so people then didn't bathe every day like we do, especially in winter.

Thats why they used to have public baths for the common people, and it's also why so many very old European villages and towns are situated on hot springs. Look at a map of Germany and count how many towns have the name "baden" in them, it means bath.

Yes, because the rise of urbanization without adequate public sanitation and safety measures along with international trade had nothing to do with it in the least.
There were large towns, and internatonal trade way before the 14th Century.

Okay, give an example besides the crossbow.

That would be a long list! But just to cite one example relevant to this thread: upthread a few posts there is a very interesting discussion about Mnemonics. One of the leaders in the field during the Renaissance (not talking about the Middle Ages here) was Giodorno Bruno, who invented several sophisticated Mnemonic systems, among other things. As a result he was charged with heresy, blasphemy and burned at the stake for this innovation, among other reasons for his doctrine that there may be other worlds. In spite of seeking forgiveness from the Church as you so frequently suggest could be a panecea.

Or they disliked it because it was a particularly lethal weapon that killed people very efficiently. The ecclesiastical authorities also disliked tournaments because people died in them and tried to enforce some degree of peace by forbidding combat on certain days or excommunicating people who fought. All you've proven is that they had an abhorrence of a particular piece of military technology, not that they feared technology that they couldn't control.

This is still an excellent example, even though it's limited in scope. Because of course the notion that a Crossbow is any more lethal than a lance, a sword, or an axe is utterly laughable. The problem (from the point of view of the Church) is that it is the type of weapon which could be manufacturerd and distributed to urban militias who could fairly easily be trained to use it, as famously happened in many Italian towns such as Genoa, and further up into Switzerland etc.

The idea that it's due to tenderness or concern for human suffering is laughable.

Balderdash. Anyone with even a basic understanding of the period can see your agenda from a mile away. Religious thinking bad, leads to violence and irrational rejection of science right?

Wrong. I never said that. I'm not some fanatical humanist or materialist. I think mate that you are projecting your own creation in order to argue with your imagined enemies. Since you are making a lot of wild speculation about me, I'll make a guess about you: I suspect that when people disagree with you you assign them to a particular very specific category, and you "fill in the blanks" in your mind.

You are clearly reasonably well informed in pre-industrial European history. So am I. We can share what information we have, people here are probably more interested in that than in either of our opinions. Meanwhile please don't make assumptions about me, and I'll try to return the favor.

G.
 
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Is this the Green Ronin book you were talking about?

Amazon.com: Mythic Vistas: Medieval Player's...

That's the one though you guys might wanna look at it first to see if it is what you want. It's very simple in some ways, but also very brilliant in other ways.

It's a gaming resource though, not an historical one. I especially liked the sections on Medieval Magic, The Power of God and the charisms, and the chapter on Prelates, Painters, and Philosophers.
 

I never said they were more just, show me where I said that? I said that they got their ideas of the legal viability of Torture from the Church.

And I told you why that is wrong, which you just edited out and ignored. Secular authorities were as much, if not more, involved in the revival of Roman Law as the church authorities were.

This is spin. If the Cathars were forcing their beliefs on the people, as if they were some conquering army (like the Anti-Cathar Crusaders were), why did Catholics all over the South of France fight to the death to defend them?

Same reason somebody fought against them. They were promised land and cash. Why did El Cid fight for both the Muslims and Christians during the reconquista of Spain?

Again amigo, I never said they were good guys. I said the region was prosperous and thriving intelectually regardless of their presence. I said they were effectively laissez faires, do you refute that? I also specifcally pointed out that they were no better or worse than any other religious doctrine as far as I can tell.

Italy was relatively prosperous too, and it was wracked by all sorts of conflict (some of it religious). I do in fact dispute that the Cathars were live and let live people. The whole war was started over the murder of a papal legate after all.

No, I think that is an accurate figure. I'm at least as well informed on this era as you are, even though you are trying to pretend you have expertise here that no-one else has. Once again your ASS-ume.

Because your biases are showing.

Trial by ordeal arrived after Christianity as I'm sure you are well aware, largely to replace dueling.

Given that I'm more familiar with the 6th through the 9th centuries than I am with High Middle Ages or the Rennaissance, I can certainly dispute that. I wrote a paper in fact on the development of the legal traditions after the fall of Rome in the West. The Edict of Theodoric was the primary survival of Roman Law before the introduction of the laws of Justinian after the High Middle Ages.

The Ordeal is about as Germanic as it gets. Perhaps you are confused about the decline of the ordeal in favour of compurgation in the High Middle Ages?

Wheras in Tribal society outlawry had actually been effective. Once the structure became more hierarchical, Roman methods were selected in favor of the old "barbarian" ways.

The rise of the prison system (at least in England) largely came about because people would rather accept outlawry rather than face trial. So you needed to keep people in one place. This was not as effective in terms of excommunication, which required social shunning and a belief in punishment after death.

Torture was used in secular courts just as much (if not more) as it was in ecclesiastical ones, and secular rulers sponsored scholarship of Roman Law. The result of that was that nobles were exempt from torture, and lower classes were considered to be unable to give testimony honestly without it. It does not mean that there was no torture for confessions by lords over peasantry before the revival of roman law, and your whole premise that the church was responsible for bringing torture back to Europe and corrupted the beautiful and free pagan legal system is silly.

And in additon to the unknown factor of how many allies each of us had, assuming I was a free man like 90% of society, whether or not your could oppose your will upon me would depend on which one of us could fight, since by Germanic Tribal law I could challenge you to a duel even if I didn't have as large of a family. And I have been studying martial arts and handling swords for twenty five years :).

Good, you're much older than me. I'll wait about 5 or 10 years to make sure you'd be easy to deal with. Unless of course, you have a son. :) As well, what do you mean by being free? Thralldom was common, plus tenant farmers were more common than the free farmers with their own land. In former Roman territories of course, we had germanic overlords who followed some measures of Roman law that were never extinguished, such as serfdom.

If you want to know about Germanic legal systems and customs, there is a few good books I have that you should read: Iceland was a very literate culture, and left behind our best examples of a Germanic legal system.

Feud in the Icelandic Saga
[ame=http://www.amazon.ca/Laws-Early-Iceland-Gragas-I/dp/0887556957]Laws of Early Iceland: Gragas I: Amazon.ca: Andrew Dennis, Peter Foote, Richard Perkins: Books[/ame]
[ame=http://www.amazon.com/Laws-Early-Iceland-University-Icelandic/dp/0887551580]Amazon.com: Laws of Early Iceland: Gragas II (University of Manitoba Icelandic Studies): Andrew Dennis, Peter Foote: Books[/ame]
[ame=http://www.amazon.ca/Bloodtaking-Peacemaking-Feud-Society-Iceland/dp/0226526801]Bloodtaking and Peacemaking: Feud, Law, and Society…Amazon.ca: William Ian Miller: Books[/ame]

The truth is Tribal culture was very complex and the Assemblies rarely bent to the will of one family. In pagan times European Clans tended to do their best to prevent accumulations of power.

Perhaps, but it generally fell to a local strongman and his boys to be the dominant power in a particular region. They owned the land you see.

You can't have it both ways, you already pointed out the secular authorities did the same (i.e. most punishments were fines). But they didn't conduct inquisitions.

Of course secular authorities conducted inquisitions. They even held trials for heresy.

There were large towns, and internatonal trade way before the 14th Century.

There were also numerous plagues before the bubonic plague as well, the Black Death was just a particularly nasty outbreak.

That would be a long list! But just to cite one example relevant to this thread: upthread a few posts there is a very interesting discussion about Mnemonics. One of the leaders in the field during the Renaissance (not talking about the Middle Ages here) was Giodorno Bruno, who invented several sophisticated Mnemonic systems, among other things. As a result he was charged with heresy, blasphemy and burned at the stake for this innovation, among other reasons for his doctrine that there may be other worlds. In spite of seeking forgiveness from the Church as you so frequently suggest could be a panecea.

I know about Giodorno Bruno. He wasn't prosecuted for his invention for mnemonic systems, but for heretical religious ideas which he kept backsliding about and writing about when he was forbidden to. Give me a technological device that the church suppressed if you want to prove your point.

The post-reformation period was not a safe time to be a scholar who didn't wish to kow-tow to the whims of the local authorities in certain parts of the world. That was a bad thing for science and intellectual freedom. But this is not the high middle ages, which is the point we are debating.

You don't seem to want to admit that the Church in different ages had a more open attitude towards radical ideas and dissent in the High Middle Ages before the trauma of the Cathars and the protestant reformation.

This is still an excellent example, even though it's limited in scope. Because of course the notion that a Crossbow is any more lethal than a lance, a sword, or an axe is utterly laughable.

Here in Canada they banned the hand crossbow, for being a killing machine that was good at killing people silently. It is indeed no more lethal than a lance, a sword or an axe.

The problem (from the point of view of the Church) is that it is the type of weapon which could be manufacturerd and distributed to urban militias who could fairly easily be trained to use it, as famously happened in many Italian towns such as Genoa, and further up into Switzerland etc.

The idea that it's due to tenderness or concern for human suffering is laughable.

But that's exactly what it was. It allowed for the easy slaying of the rightful authorities and was supposed to be a destablizing way to amass army cheaply. Local lords were supposed to rule justly in an ordered society. Crossbows represented aggression because you could stick any shmuck behind it for pennies a day and march all over the established order. Which resulted in more and more people being killed, especially since the lowborn didn't hold nobles for ransom.

As well, crossbow injuries always caused small deep wounds that wouldn't necessarily kill you, but got infected and you would die a long and horrible death from blood poisoning.
 

Obviously, we could argue forever on this and get nowhere, meanwhile probably boring the rest of the people interested in the thread to death.

In the interests of winding this debate down, I'll try to keep my responses to a minimum.

Given that I'm more familiar with the 6th through the 9th centuries (snip)The Ordeal is about as Germanic as it gets.

No, we are talking about different parts of Europe across a wide swath of time.

Good, you're much older than me. I'll wait about 5 or 10 years to make sure you'd be easy to deal with. Unless of course, you have a son. :) As well, what do you mean by being free? Thralldom was common,

Where in Europe we are talking about. In Viking Age Scandinavia Thralls were a small percentage of the population, ranging from as little as 5% of the community in Norway to possibly as much as 20% in Sweden where they had more Slavic slaves.

http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/society/text/social_classes.htm

It was for pragmatic reasons, not an excess of kindness; it was considered very dangerous to have more slaves around than free people because they could rise up. They did not have the Feudal system, that came later and was a copy of the Roman Latifundia. Thats why they sold most of the ones they captured to the Arabs or the Byzantines.

plus tenant farmers were more common than the free farmers with their own land.

The vast majority of the population in Scandinavia from the 8th-11th Century were free farmers, in the Bondi, Karl, or Hauldir class (or other similar ones depending on the exact time and place). All of whom could attend the Wapentake at the Thing (Assembly) and all of whom had the right to challenge an enemy to a duel.

This also seems to echo the case in Tribal law of pre-Christian Continental Europe, as it is echoed in Celtic insular literature (such as the Brehon laws). The idea of serfdom comes as I'm sure you are aware from Roman law, it was originally enacted in the late Imperial period to keep farmers from fleeing the tax collectors in the country and flocking into the cities where they could live on welfare and join the general mob, which had led to the abandonment of Rome by the Roman government as early as the 3rd Century.


Good links, but personally rather than reading anybody elses interpretations, I'd reccomend just reading the primary sources, such as the Gragas you cite above, and the sagas like [ame="http://www.amazon.com/Saga-Grettir-Strong-Penguin-Classics/dp/0140447733/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235080591&sr=8-1"]Grettier Saga[/ame], [ame="http://www.amazon.com/Egils-Saga-Penguin-Classics/dp/0140447709/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235080629&sr=1-1"]Egils Saga[/ame], [ame="http://www.amazon.com/Njals-Saga-Penguin-Classics/dp/0140447695/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235080666&sr=1-1"]Njals Saga[/ame], the Laxdala Saga, and the various Chronicles such as the Russian Primary Chronicle, Saxo Grammaticus [ame="http://www.amazon.com/Saxo-Grammaticus-History-English-Commentary/dp/0859915026/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235080727&sr=1-2"]Gesta Danorum[/ame] etc.

Grettirs Saga in particular offers and excellent insight into the situation of an outlaw and how the legal system changed under Christianity since it takes place right at the point of conversion in Iceland. It's also a great read, a super badass hero who is a bandit that terrorizes the countryside, kills berzerkers, wights and zombie / ghosts but is ah.. poorly endowed, chronically lonely and afraid of the dark? Gotta love it.

Perhaps, but it generally fell to a local strongman and his boys to be the dominant power in a particular region. They owned the land you see.

Again, that varied a great deal from Christian to Pagan zones and in different time periods. In Iceland which you cited so extensively as you know the power was in the various regional Things (assemblies) and the Allthing (the annual grand Assembly). One thing that is clear from the sagas is that a rich man who made himself unpopular by throwing his weight around could quickly get in big trouble and end up dead all the sudden.

But that's exactly what it was. It allowed for the easy slaying of the rightful authorities and was supposed to be a destablizing way to amass army cheaply. Local lords were supposed to rule justly in an ordered society. Crossbows represented aggression because you could stick any shmuck behind it for pennies a day and march all over the established order. Which resulted in more and more people being killed, especially since the lowborn didn't hold nobles for ransom.

yes this is a good articulation of the position of the Church. It was against their interest to allow a technology like the Crossbow to be disseminated, and they tried (unsuccessfully) to repress it, because it was a technology which was outside of their control and posed a potential threat to their authority and that of their Aristocratic allies. They were correct in this assessment, since along with other technologies such as halberd and pike squares, war-wagons, flails, pistols and hand culverins it did in fact lead to many regions of Europe achieving de-facto independence (Switzerland, Frisia, Scotland, Bohemia) and to the rise of the independent Free Cities such as the Hanse cities in Germany, the Republic of Venice etc.

As well, crossbow injuries always caused small deep wounds that wouldn't necessarily kill you, but got infected and you would die a long and horrible death from blood poisoning.

Common weapons like awl-spears, javelins, lances and roundel daggers caused the exact same type of puncture wounds. Not that those are much worse than getting half of your arm cut off. That dosn't wash, its an absurd argument.

I do agree with you, for the record, that the Church was not nearly as repressive in the early middle ages as it later became. That is one of the common misconceptions of the "Dark Ages". After the Church revived torture as a legitimate practice, they began cracking down more and more internally, consolidating power and eliminating heretics. The Albigensian Crusade was an early example of this. It wasn't until later until control began to be spread to the commoners. Common people at this time were often considered pagan, the word Pagan comes from Pagani (latin Paganus) which meant peasant, similar to Heathen (Old English hæðen) 'of the Heath') which was a translation of the term Pagan. Later when they had sorted out all the heresies they corrected that ommision.

Not that I am one by the way so don't go there.

G.
 
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The vast majority of the population in Scandinavia from the 8th-11th Century were free farmers, in the Bondi, Karl, or Hauldir class (or other similar ones depending on the exact time and place). All of whom could attend the Wapentake at the Thing (Assembly) and all of whom had the right to challenge an enemy to a duel.

Being free doesn't mean they were independent of their lord, or had their own property. A karl for example, was essentially a tenant farmer who had not amassed his own wealth and property, but worked as a hand for a bondi. A "House carl" was the term for a warrior in service to a lord, which means some men were hired because they were good killers.

Also, just because someone could challenge someone for a duel, people didn't fight to the death all the time. For one thing, it is a very risky activity. For another, usually nobody wanted the bad blood from killing someone with relatives whether in a duel or not. You've read the Icelandic Sagas, so you know people are generally attached to their friends and relatives, and aren't likely to just shrug their shoulders when a duel is over.

So you have ordeals so people who are unable or unwilling to fight to the death can have some way to prove their innocence. The ordeal wasn't a replacement for dueling because people didn't solve all their judgements by dueling. It was a germanic alternative to dueling, and not a christian invention.

If you were involved in a feud or disagreement, and you didn't feel like facing a duel or an ordeal, you turned to a man who was wealthier, better connected, and stronger than you. This "big man" would thus be your advocate and make sure you weren't competely screwed over, in exchange for a favour or money.

So despite your protestations about it being free, Iceland like most other areas, devolved the power to fewer and fewer strongothar and stronbodi (again to lazy to fetch the proper characters) and eventually became an Earldom.

The idea of serfdom comes as I'm sure you are aware from Roman law, it was originally enacted in the late Imperial period to keep farmers from fleeing the tax collectors in the country and flocking into the cities where they could live on welfare and join the general mob, which had led to the abandonment of Rome by the Roman government as early as the 3rd Century.
Yep, good old Diocletian.

Good links, but personally rather than reading anybody elses interpretations, I'd reccomend just reading the primary sources, such as the Gragas you cite above, and the sagas like Grettier Saga, Egils Saga, Njals Saga, the Laxdala Saga, and the various Chronicles such as the Russian Primary Chronicle, Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum etc.
I have all of those, but I'm not someone who trusts my own interpretations alone. After all, it would be like declaring yourself an authority on the old testement without knowing jewish history, language, or literature. People can't just read something and understand it without the proper guidance and context.

Grettirs Saga in particular offers and excellent insight into the situation of an outlaw and how the legal system changed under Christianity since it takes place right at the point of conversion in Iceland.
The Saga of Grettir the Strong is one of my favourites too. My favourite saga is Njal's Saga, because it is almost like a legal primer. Every case is similar to the one that came before it, but is just a little more complex.

One thing that is clear from the sagas is that a rich man who made himself unpopular by throwing his weight around could quickly get in big trouble and end up dead all the sudden.

That is true. Power still coalesced around a few strongmen though in Iceland, and then eventually an Earl who was a vassal to a foreign king.


yes this is a good articulation of the position of the Church. It was against their interest to allow a technology like the Crossbow to be disseminated, and they tried (unsuccessfully) to repress it, because it was a technology which was outside of their control and posed a potential threat to their authority and that of their Aristocratic allies.
Yes, they disliked the crossbow because they felt it went against the established proper order and caused the disruption of the peace. I'm not sure if I would necessarily call the aristocrats their allies the whole time they wanted a ban on the crossbow (it wasn't very long after all) since often times the cities and republics were on the side of papacy against the Imperial crown.

I think the ban on the crossbow was basically a pope taking an earnest stand against a weapon in hopes it would change things and reduce violence, kind of like the Canadian government who banned one handed crossbows. A lot of other countries have laws against crossbows too, as a substitute for banning all weapons or part of a larger weapons ban.

Laws on crossbows - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

I see echoes of Pope Innocent II and the Lateran council in those regulations. Of course, there seems to be some debate as to whether crossbows were attempted to be banned at all.

Crossbow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Common people at this time were often considered pagan, the word Pagan comes from Pagani (latin Paganus) which meant peasant, similar to Heathen (Old English hæðen) 'of the Heath') which was a translation of the term Pagan. Later when they had sorted out all the heresies they corrected that ommision.
No, you're thinking late antiquity. Conversion from paganism in former roman provinces was pretty much sorted out by Cluniac monastic movements of the 6th - 8th centuries, who had generally impressed the locals with their art and liturgical chanting. The Germans outside of Rome's borders were converted without too much trouble from th 6th - 9th centuries, because religion wasn't a particularly personal faith, so when their local gothar (I'm too lazy to make an edth) or priest-chiefs converted, since he was the one who did all the sacrifices and looked after the local shrines, everyone else converted too. By the high middle ages, the only pagans that really still existed in Europe would have been people like the Latvians in northeastern Europe. Even far off Iceland converted by act of the Althing in the year 1000, so that all would live under the same law. You can find an account of that in Njal's Saga of course.
 
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I agree with most of what you wrote, though I interpret the meaning of the same facts differently. I would argue for example that Iceland changed to an authoritarian society due to intense external pressure from the new Roman style Monarch of Norway and only after conversion to Christianity (and the resultant change to the underlying social structure that brought about). After all that democratic system they had in Iceland came from somewhere, they didn't invent it as you are aware they had the Thing in Norway, Denmark and Sweden too and it's importance didn't fade until they converted and got Continental style Monarchs (heralding the beginning of the end of the Viking Age). Iceland was sufficiently isolated that the old system persisted late enough for us to get a glimpse of how it functioned thanks to Snorri Sturrlson and others who wrote it all down for us in the Middle Ages.

Again I think Grettir's Saga is a very good snapshot of how their society was changing and why, as is Egils Saga which shows you the rise of the Monarchy in Norway and how stubborn pagans like Egil reacted to it.

Another of histories truly amazing figures.

We both know the sources, we both have our own interpretations. I personally think people can figure a lot out by reading the Primary sources and archeological evidence themselves, which you can do now thanks to the internet, (for those others reading the thread all those Icelandic sagas are available free online in various places) you prefer to rely on interpretations you trust. I'm an outsider and an autodidact, you are an educated man.

Lets agree for now that our 'duel' here has resulted in a fair fight, both took minor wounds, honor has been satisified, and we can go on with discussing how to implement Science in RPGs :)

I like Njals saga a lot too incidentally, the comeuppance with the hair / bowstring is one of the more shocking moments in literature. I love the family sagas in general for their air of realistic verisimilitude (in spite of the occasional Troll or ghost), though I suspect as larger than life as Egil, Grettir, Aude the Deep Minded, etc. seem to us, the close up we get to see of them is a mere shadow of what wen't on before during the height of the Viking era. In the earlier works such as Saxo's Gesta we can see distance glimpses of some of the really remarkable characters of the Viking Age, like Lathgertha, Ragnar, Bjorn Ironside, Gange Rolf, Rurik, Ivar the Boneless etc.; as well as some of their worthy adverseraries like Alfred the Great, Brian Boru, and Count Odo.

And for the record I think a more nuanced understanding of all this stuff, from the structure of the Church to the political system of the Germanic barbarians is all useful fodder for DnD games, and an interesting alternative to the usual Thundar the Barbarian type cliches.

Enjoyed the exchange mate, appreciate anyone with a serious interest in history, regardless of our disagreements.

G.
 
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