Well, I'll give it a breakdown, nation to nation...
The North: viking/saxon-like culture, but pretty much completely egalitarian.
The South: (mostly) patriarchal society with pre-islam middle-eastern overtones (think of Carthaginians and Armenians); women usually don't get into positions of power except under strange circumstances.
Dornlund/Elondale: (generally) male-dominant medieval european overtones, but only male-dominant by vague traditions that are frequently broken (i.e. women as rulers and warriors with enough frequency to be unusual but not unheard of or feared). The lower down the social ladder you go, the more blurred the division between genders is.
Ennoria: very patriarchal medieval european society where women have very specific roles; those who go outside of the boundries are mocked/shunned.
Arnadûn: medieval european-style culture, but with very lax gender boundries; the military is almost an eighth women, about half of the land-owners are women, and even the position of monarch has been held by at least one queen for every four kings. Arnadûn isn't truly egalitarian, but it's better than most places.
Tyrnia: 'celts evolved into the feudal era' society, where women and men literally are equal. Just as many girls go into training as boys for the military, and (after infants are weaned), it's just as common to have a father at home as a mother.
Elves: completely egalitarian. Period.
Gnomes: completely egalitarian, like elves.
Dwarves: men outnumber women 3-to-1, so dwarf women, while not the official rulers of state, have a very important position in society, and are loved by all, known as the 'blood-smiths'.
Giants: back before their numbers dwindled to ~5-10 world-wide (including one of the PCs), giants were a largely egalitarian society, partly because their women are naturally--though shorter--just as strong, aggressive, and tough as the men (to a far greater degree than any human culture, even the Tyrnians).
So, now for some notable women...
Queen Keara
One of the three children of the last king of Tyrnia, Keara rules the kingdom alongside her brother Royan and sister Nola. Next to her two siblings, Keara is the idealistic middle child. The tall, dark-haired beauty rules over her lush, forested piece of the realm as a much-loved queen who, to the people, 'can do no wrong'. However, she is somewhat inexperienced, and has made many mistakes, to the chagrin of her co-rulers. That said, she deeply regrets ever mis-step, and can be credited with never making the same mistake twice. All that said, she is obviously the better ruler compared to her younger brother, and not too far from her sister's skills.
As is the custom in Tyrnia, the young queen has trained most of her life in the arts of war, and is herself a peerless horse-archer and battlefield commander, if not strategist; her presence on the field won many battles during the wars of succession after her father's death.
Queen Nola
Keara's older sister is everything Keara is not: small, shrewd, proud, and practical. She rules with an iron fist, and is somewhat of an autocrat. The people in her rocky, mountainous part of the realm don't particularly like her, but the vast mineral wealth more than makes up for the high taxes and cold winters.
When war broke out at her father's death, Nola watched her sister win battle after battle. Unlike most, however, she saw how she could win the war herself. Through skillful use of strategy and logistics, not to mention some southron mercenaries, the war was won. However, Keara got all the glory, and Nola has been nursing that wound to her pride ever since.
Ayla of Caer Tolwyc
Ayla is a fiery, impetuous red-headed warrior of Tyrnia, and she lives life to the hilt. The ninteen-year-old is best with a spear in hand, but she joined the other characters because of her knowledge of herb-lore and healing.
Felena of Elondale
Felena is a keenly intelligent, playful young woman with more guile, grace, and determination than you shake a stick at. She stands close to six feet tall, and puts every inch of it to use with her bow and sword. Though her smarts are her most obvious trait, she has a deeply compassionate nature.
Banowaith
A gnome from the forest near Erynost, Banowaith is deeply insightful. From atop her eagle, she does quite a bit of the scouting for her companions. That said, as a gnome, she is connected to the magical world, and uses her talents (mostly) for healing. Adding to her uniqueness, Banowaith is great friends with the giant, Eben.
Ok, that's all I'm going to type for the time being; there are more women, but those are the most important ones.