For the history of the OSR,
this.
For the purpose of the OSR,
this.
For the best approach to OSR style play in small-scale, at-the-table terms,
this.
For large-scale, campaign-level play, a game is more old-school the more it has of the following: an open table, character stables, alignment as player faction or "team," strict time records, a persistent milieu which is both a hard landscape sandbox to explore and an immersive sim to interact with, and a scrupulously impartial (in the wargaming sense) referee.
TSR D&D mechanics are a given. Not strictly necessary, but since the play-style came into being as an exercise in understanding and/or justifying those mechanics, TSR D&D will always be the de facto best fit for the play-style.
EDIT: Oh, and for what it's worth, I summarize my personal approach to old-school play on pp. 1–4 of my
house rules document.