Aberration: Alien of mind or body. For example, the Elan from the XPH is an aberration even though it looks human, because it's mind is strange and different. Creatures such as Beholders and Illithid-Kin are aberration because they are strange and alien in appearance. Basically Aberration means unnatural. I suggest you get ahold of Lords of Madness as it is very good at explaining what makes aberrations, aberrations. Aberrations are often highly magical (such as beholders) or psionic (such as Illithid's).
Monstrous Humanoid: Humanoids with very bestial features and/or supernatural abilities. such as minotaurs, medusae, and thri-kreen.
Outsiders: Creatures that are either native of other planes or descendant from them. Not all creatures from other planes are outsiders however. Outsiders usually have a very strong connection to an ethical choice (good, evil, chaos, law, or neutrality), or an element. They are not comprised of the element however (that would be elementals). An Azer (dwarf from the plane of fire) is an outsider, a githyanki (humanoid from the astral plane) is not. Basically if the creature is of extraplanar origin and has a very strong connection to an ethical alignment and/or an element, it is an outsider. The same goes for most creatures decendant from extraplanar creatures such as planetouched.