D&D General Tyrannosaurs were pack hunters. Stay away from the Isle of Dread.

Yep, they (we use they/them pronouns for Sue now, as recent evidence has shown that what was previously thought to be indicators of sexual dimorphism probably isn’t, so we can’t really tell T.Rex sex from their bones) are currently at the museum I work at, though only for a few days more; they’ll be moving on soon. That model is incredible to see in-person.

Notably, we’re still not even sure T.Rex were hunters at all. There’s a lot to suggest they may actually have been scavengers. Though, I’m inclined to believe the truth lies somewhere in the middle - likely opportunistic hunter/scavengers.

On the subject of feathers, we really just don’t know. Young T.Rex almost certainly had down-like feathers. Whether or not they kept them into maturity is still an open question. Again, the truth is likely somewhere between the extremes. They probably weren’t covered in feathers, but it’s also not unlikely they would have retained some feathering, possibly on the head and neck.
trex was likely a carnivore adapting to the bio meta of everything being a mini tank half its prey were armoured brutes that others could not touch, plus the nearest land carnivore of that size today is the polar bear and that is a hyper carnivore.
 

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trex was likely a carnivore adapting to the bio meta of everything being a mini tank half its prey were armoured brutes that others could not touch, plus the nearest land carnivore of that size today is the polar bear and that is a hyper carnivore.
T.Rex predator vs. scavenger is one of the most hotly debated topics in paleontology. Paleontologists on both sides of the argument are extremely passionate about their interpretations. I don’t know enough about it to weigh in, just saying the idea that it was a hunter is about as far from settled as you can get.
 

males having a crest I could see, the females would be plane as anything.
... why?

T-Rex didn't really have Predators except for other T-Rexes. This isn't a Game Hen or a Pigeon. This is a T-Freaking-Rex.

Do you know what the visual differences are between a male Cassowary and a female Cassowary?

Females have a bright red Wattle, like a Rooster. Only it's longer and more flappy.

cassowary-side_tcm25-568936.jpg
Male
6b8f638738f9cd11469bbd9d96fd7670.jpg
Female

If anything the female is -more- colorful.

There's no reason a female T-Rex wouldn't have feathers if a male did. And no reason they wouldn't have a similar degree of colorfulness.
 

... why?

T-Rex didn't really have Predators except for other T-Rexes. This isn't a Game Hen or a Pigeon. This is a T-Freaking-Rex.

Do you know what the visual differences are between a male Cassowary and a female Cassowary?

Females have a bright red Wattle, like a Rooster. Only it's longer and more flappy.

cassowary-side_tcm25-568936.jpg
Male
6b8f638738f9cd11469bbd9d96fd7670.jpg
Female

If anything the female is -more- colorful.

There's no reason a female T-Rex wouldn't have feathers if a male did. And no reason they wouldn't have a similar degree of colorfulness.
one example does not contradict a broad rule this is assuming they look different to each other in ways we could just see by looking at them.
 

one example does not contradict a broad rule this is assuming they look different to each other in ways we could just see by looking at them.
The "Broad Rule" is not that broad... and not nearly as much of a "Rule" as people think it is.

Are there animals where the female of the species is less colorful than her counterpart? Absolutely. It's incredibly common in prey species, for example, of certain genetic lines. Small birds and reptiles in particular.

But the bigger the animal gets the less true it holds. It also generally doesn't hold true for predator species higher in the food chain.

Cassowaries, Ostriches, and other large birds are a much better example of how the physical differences in plumage or coloration might be between male and female T-Rexes.

ff6ec56fa820d37a505e37e041a626ec.jpg


And the general rule is that there's very little difference.
 

No, the issue is mostly phylogenetic bracketing, not thermodynamic similarity. Alberta and Montana certainly were warmer during the Cretaceous than today, but they weren't hot or tropical, they were similar to the American south in climate; humid, wet, marshy coastal floodplain forests. For that matter, they were very similar to the Yixian formation were fully feathered large bodied tyrannosaurs are known conclusiviely to exist. The talk about tropical animals from a completely different group has no bearing on what T. rexes would or wouldn't have done, because they didn't live in the same environment as today's tropical animals, or at least their classic ecological niche wasn't there (admittedly, it appears that very late in the Maastrichtian, they spread into the southern province to be part of the Alamosaurus NALMA. How common or successful they were there is an open question, as our fossil evidence is pretty scanty.) And, there's no good reason to assume similar metabolism, for that matter, or other variables that would have had just as significant an impact.

Plus, you can make the argument about elephants all day long, and even paleontological specialists often do. However, because they usually ignore Megatherium and the fact that it provides a directly contradictory example, the "featherless because of elephants" argument is little more than a just-so story that isn't very convincing. Plus, a lot of the "tyrannosaur" skin impressions weren't actually from T. rex anyway—the only actual T. rex skin impressions are a tiny patch on the tail, a tiny patch on the hip and a handful of small impressions of the neck. The rest of them don't come from Tyrannosaurus itself. You can't use a skin impression from a gorgosaur or daspletosaur dewlap or belly and then apply an argument that only works if you're talking about a T. rex sized creature—because gorgosaurs and albertosaurs were half the mass of T. rex, if not even smaller. The argument also tends to depend on just-so assumptions. As Phil Bell said in the most recent in depth study of the question that I know of (2017), there are real problems. Yutyrannus was not a small animal, and it didn't live in any kind of cold climate; summers, at least, would have been extremely hot in the Yixian formation. The temperatures were similar and the animal size was similar to that of Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Gorgosaurus, etc. that don't have any known feather impressions and do have small scale impressions on them. So what was driving the apparent disparity? Not thermoregulation; that's been ruled out by both the climate and the size of other animals, and Bell admits that they have no idea why some large tyrannosaurs are known for sure to have had nearly full-body feathery integuement, and others are known for sure to have at least tiny patches of unfeathered scaley skin. Which doesn't rule out feathers elsewhere on the body.

And I know that science is what the data says, not what the scientists say, but the data is inconclusive, and most practicing scientists today will tell you that the phylogenetic bracketing is a more compelling argument than the thermodynamic argument, given the counter examples that pretty much debunk the idea behind the "hairless elephants therefore hairless dinosaurs" argument. The latter might explain a more naked skin, but not a completely featherless one. In fact, feathers explain one lingering puzzle of T. rex anatomy; what the heck were the arms for? In the past, they've been discounted as a feature on its way to oblivion, like a whale's hind legs or something, but that's not actually true. T. rexes arms were fairly heavily muscled and clearly served some purpose, although for decades nobody could imagine what it would be. With the possibility—maybe even probability—of display feathers on the arms, suddenly the arms structure makes some sense.
Keep in mind that yutyrannus was only a bit over a ton. Modern mammals of that mass do have fur coverings. That's a similar weight to modern animals such as buffalo and bison.

Megatherium is not a good counterexample either. It's not known what kind of covering it had, despite it being popularly drawn with shaggy and thick fur. It's been speculated that it too may have not had a coat, in much the same way as elephants and rhinos.


There is another paper coming out at some point which apparently does push towards the pro feathered argument though. Just sitting here hoping it comes out in a decent timeframe as I'm excited to see how it changes things. Papers have a depressing habit of being teased and never actually appearing.
 

However, because they usually ignore Megatherium and the fact that it provides a directly contradictory example, the "featherless because of elephants" argument is little more than a just-so story that isn't very convincing
Per the above, ol' Megatherium's still open to debate. Heck, there's also a good argument that Mastodons weren't the fuzzy things they're reconstructed as, but had a more Asian elephant-esque sparse coat
T.Rex predator vs. scavenger is one of the most hotly debated topics in paleontology. Paleontologists on both sides of the argument are extremely passionate about their interpretations. I don’t know enough about it to weigh in, just saying the idea that it was a hunter is about as far from settled as you can get.
Its not really hotly debated these days as we have some Edmontosaurus fossils showing clear, unambiguous evidence that a rex tried to eat them, failed, and the Edmonto kept on trucking. Ol' rex certainly scavengeed, but it was also an active hunter
In fact, feathers explain one lingering puzzle of T. rex anatomy; what the heck were the arms for? In the past, they've been discounted as a feature on its way to oblivion, like a whale's hind legs or something, but that's not actually true. T. rexes arms were fairly heavily muscled and clearly served some purpose, although for decades nobody could imagine what it would be. With the possibility—maybe even probability—of display feathers on the arms, suddenly the arms structure makes some sense.
To be fair on this, while the arms are tiny they're very strong at the gripping. Having muscles on them doesn't explain feathers because, why would you need bench-press levels of arm just to wave your arms about for display? Now the leading thing at the moment is the 'meat hook' idea, which is that a rex would latch onto something with its arms and, due to their strength and their size, that thing could not escape. While their arms are strong, they're also built in a way to resist a lot of stress like, say, a struggling prey item, and their limited bends cause it to be really, really hard to struggle to escape
There is another paper coming out at some point which apparently does push towards the pro feathered argument though. Just sitting here hoping it comes out in a decent timeframe as I'm excited to see how it changes things. Papers have a depressing habit of being teased and never actually appearing.
Over 50 years and we still don't have the Quetzalcoatlus paper...
 

I imagine that the T-Rex was an opportunistic predator. It is much easier to simply bully a smaller predator away from its kill than waste all that energy actively hunting. A group of Tyrannosaurs might have been a family unit hunting until the offspring are mature enough to begin their own family, much like modern Corvids. Several years of a group of large animals predating an area would require them to be less picky about a 'fresh' kill. I think the main requirement would be getting the calories in any way possible.
Always exciting stuff being revised in paleontology.
Yep, they (we use they/them pronouns for Sue now, as recent evidence has shown that what was previously thought to be indicators of sexual dimorphism probably isn’t, so we can’t really tell T.Rex sex from their bones) are currently at the museum I work at, though only for a few days more; they’ll be moving on soon. That model is incredible to see in-person.
Thanks for the heads up on the pronouns. I used to haunt the Museum of Natural History in New York when I was young every chance I got. It still impresses all these years later when I took my daughters. I can imagine 'Sue' is equally (if not more) impressive whether in their 'Fleshy' form or their original skeleton.
 


If nothing else, this thread has taught me that we have a lot more paleontologists, biologists and museum staff at ENWorld than I ever would have guessed.
I don’t know how directly I can get away with acknowledging this, but there’s a lot of demographic crossover between academics and D&D players.
 

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