Alignment examples of fictional characters.
- Thread starter Dark Jezter
- Start date
Edena_of_Neith
First Post
Let's do it by Genre:
Lawful Good: Queen Amidala (Episode 1), Yoda (1, 2), Qui-Gon Jin (1), Mace (1, 2)
Neutral Good: Han Solo (5, 6), Chewbacca (5, 6), Luke Skywalker (5, 6), Senator Amidala (2), Yoda (4, 5, 6), R2-D2 (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), Leia Organa/Skywalker (4, 5, 6), most of the soldiers in the Rebel Alliance, Anakin Skywalker at the very end (6)
Chaotic Good: Lando Calrission (6), Luke Skywalker (4), Obi-Wan Kenobi (4, 5, 6), Anakin's mother (1, 2)
Lawful Neutral: Obi-Wan Kenobi (1, 2), Uncle Ben (4), Aunt Beroo (4), C-3PO (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), Jar Jar Binks (2)
Neutral: Anakin Skywalker (1, 2), Han Solo (4), Chewbacca (4), most of the Imperial Stormtroopers (4, 5, 6), all of the Clones (2), most of the Jawas (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), Lando Calrission (5)
Chaotic Neutral: most of the Sandpeople, Jar Jar Binks (1)
Lawful Evil: Senator Palpatine (1, 2), Emperor Palpatine (4, 5, 6), Jabba the Hut (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Neutral Evil: Darth Vader (4, 5, 6), Boba Fett (4, 5, 6), Greedo (4)
Chaotic Evil: Those idiots Obi-Wan killed in the Cantina in Episode 4
Lawful Good: High Lord Mhoram
Neutral Good: Thomas Covenant through the second series, Saltheart Foamfollower, most of the people of the Land, most of the Giants, Caer Caveral the Forestal, Linden Avery at the end
Chaotic Good: High Lord Elena, most of the people of the Plains of Ra, the Wraiths of Andelain, High Lord Callindrill, Linden Avery later on
Lawful Neutral: Bannor the Bloodguard, most of the Haruchai, Hollian (later Neutral Good), Warmark Quaan
Neutral: Thomas Covenant through the first series, the Elohim, Carroll Wildwood the Forestal, the Guardian of the One Tree, Linden Avery at the start
Chaotic Neutral: High Lord Kelvin, Nassic
Lawful Evil: Sunder Son of Nassic (later, Neutral Good)
Neutral Evil: Lord Foul the Despiser, Droll Rockworm
Chaotic Evil: The 3 Ravers
Lawful Good: Dayel, Wil Ohmsford, Keltset
Neutral Good: Shea Ohmsford, Flick Ohmsford, Balinor Buckannah, Hendel, Durin, Eventine Elessedil, Brin Ohmsford, Stell, Garth, most of the Dwarves, most of the Elves
Chaotic Good: Menion Leah, Allanon, Bremen, Shirl Ravenlock, Ander Elessedil, Amberle, Kimber Boh, Jair Ohmsford, Teel (before she became Shadowen)
Lawful Neutral: Acton, Messaline, Arion Elessedil, Rone Leah, Edain Elessedil, the Owl
Neutral: Slanter, Garet Jax, Padishar Creel, Wren Ohmsford (later Neutral Good), most of the Race of Man, most of the Gnomes, most of the Trolls
Chaotic Neutral: Palance Buckannah, Eretria, Cogline, Panamon Creel, the Spider-Gnomes, the Werebeasts of Olden Moor, most of the Changelings, the Splinterscat
Lawful Evil: The Dagda Mor
Neutral Evil: The Warlock Lord, Stenmin the Mystic, Morag, Mallenroh, the Changeling, most of the Mwellrets, the Mord Wraiths, Rimmer Dall
Chaotic Evil: The Skull Bearers, the Reaper, the Ildatch, the Maelmord, most of the Shadowen
Lawful Good: Queen Amidala (Episode 1), Yoda (1, 2), Qui-Gon Jin (1), Mace (1, 2)
Neutral Good: Han Solo (5, 6), Chewbacca (5, 6), Luke Skywalker (5, 6), Senator Amidala (2), Yoda (4, 5, 6), R2-D2 (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), Leia Organa/Skywalker (4, 5, 6), most of the soldiers in the Rebel Alliance, Anakin Skywalker at the very end (6)
Chaotic Good: Lando Calrission (6), Luke Skywalker (4), Obi-Wan Kenobi (4, 5, 6), Anakin's mother (1, 2)
Lawful Neutral: Obi-Wan Kenobi (1, 2), Uncle Ben (4), Aunt Beroo (4), C-3PO (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), Jar Jar Binks (2)
Neutral: Anakin Skywalker (1, 2), Han Solo (4), Chewbacca (4), most of the Imperial Stormtroopers (4, 5, 6), all of the Clones (2), most of the Jawas (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), Lando Calrission (5)
Chaotic Neutral: most of the Sandpeople, Jar Jar Binks (1)
Lawful Evil: Senator Palpatine (1, 2), Emperor Palpatine (4, 5, 6), Jabba the Hut (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Neutral Evil: Darth Vader (4, 5, 6), Boba Fett (4, 5, 6), Greedo (4)
Chaotic Evil: Those idiots Obi-Wan killed in the Cantina in Episode 4
Lawful Good: High Lord Mhoram
Neutral Good: Thomas Covenant through the second series, Saltheart Foamfollower, most of the people of the Land, most of the Giants, Caer Caveral the Forestal, Linden Avery at the end
Chaotic Good: High Lord Elena, most of the people of the Plains of Ra, the Wraiths of Andelain, High Lord Callindrill, Linden Avery later on
Lawful Neutral: Bannor the Bloodguard, most of the Haruchai, Hollian (later Neutral Good), Warmark Quaan
Neutral: Thomas Covenant through the first series, the Elohim, Carroll Wildwood the Forestal, the Guardian of the One Tree, Linden Avery at the start
Chaotic Neutral: High Lord Kelvin, Nassic
Lawful Evil: Sunder Son of Nassic (later, Neutral Good)
Neutral Evil: Lord Foul the Despiser, Droll Rockworm
Chaotic Evil: The 3 Ravers
Lawful Good: Dayel, Wil Ohmsford, Keltset
Neutral Good: Shea Ohmsford, Flick Ohmsford, Balinor Buckannah, Hendel, Durin, Eventine Elessedil, Brin Ohmsford, Stell, Garth, most of the Dwarves, most of the Elves
Chaotic Good: Menion Leah, Allanon, Bremen, Shirl Ravenlock, Ander Elessedil, Amberle, Kimber Boh, Jair Ohmsford, Teel (before she became Shadowen)
Lawful Neutral: Acton, Messaline, Arion Elessedil, Rone Leah, Edain Elessedil, the Owl
Neutral: Slanter, Garet Jax, Padishar Creel, Wren Ohmsford (later Neutral Good), most of the Race of Man, most of the Gnomes, most of the Trolls
Chaotic Neutral: Palance Buckannah, Eretria, Cogline, Panamon Creel, the Spider-Gnomes, the Werebeasts of Olden Moor, most of the Changelings, the Splinterscat
Lawful Evil: The Dagda Mor
Neutral Evil: The Warlock Lord, Stenmin the Mystic, Morag, Mallenroh, the Changeling, most of the Mwellrets, the Mord Wraiths, Rimmer Dall
Chaotic Evil: The Skull Bearers, the Reaper, the Ildatch, the Maelmord, most of the Shadowen
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Jeremy Ackerman-Yost
Explorer
Just some points about a few characters and people:
King Arthur: Some people have him NG. In some versions of the story, he invented Rule of Law (as opposed to Rule of Force) in England. In most versions, he ALWAYS keeps his word. And in most versions he invents a code of chivalry to bring order to England. Even in the least Lawful-themed, heavily Celtic versions, he's a tactician and the forger of great armies. This guy is REALLY Lawful Good.
The Jedi: All of the Jedi were LG, except for Qui-Gon and Luke Skywalker. In fact, there's a case to be made that the reason the Jedi ended up being exterminated was because they were LAWFUL good when the Will of the Force wanted them to be lawful GOOD, or Neutral Good. Qui-Gon was NG. He had a reputation as a rebel among the ultra-lawful Jedi, but fundamentally, he was governed by compassion, which is the heart and soul of Neutral Good. Luke Skywalker started out Chaotic Good (like his old man) and became Neutral Good. Personally, my theory is that Lucas intended Qui-Gon to be the perfect Jedi. We are to assume that Luke ultimately grows up to be the spitting philosophical image of Qui-Gon sometime in the aftermath of RotJ. (I won't bring up where most of the books took him, as it leans heavily in the direction of garbage)
Batman: LG (sometimes LN) - In some versions, he's almost Captain America. In other versions, he was basically insane, but his insanity hinged on keeping his two identities COMPLETELY separate with elaborate rules and constructions. i.e. They're "Bruce" and "Dick" in the Mansion, but they're "Batman" and "Robin" in the Batcave, and Robin better watch out if he slips and uses the name "Bruce" when they're in the cave. But despite being basically insane, there's nothing Chaotic about Batman. He lives and dies by a rigid code. The fact that his code doesn't consistently conform to society's laws doesn't make it any less Lawful at its core.
Shakespeare's characters: As Celebrim pointed out, most literature has at least SOME philosophical conflict. Shakespeare's characters especially, were often in the midst of alignment changes. They're generally hard to pigeonhole. Macbeth was evil by the end of the play, but he didn't start out that way (his wife did, but I don't want to get into Western Literature and it's handling of women at this point). Brutus started out rather good, but I think that ultimately Will Shakespeare would agree with the placement Brutus received in the Inferno.
American politicians: Some of the really early ones were LG or CG, but in the long run, most of them have been LN. We sneak a good guy in there periodically, but as a general rule, presidents have been all about keeping the country in relative order and covering their posterior regions.
Here's a thorny one: Jesus of Nazareth. Please keep in mind as you read the following section that this is OPINION. I'm not belittling anyone's beliefs here, just stating my opinion. For the record, I'm a Christian myself, though I'm still searching for the denomination that got it right. I've read his Book, and Jesus spoke pretty plainly. I fail to understand the origin of all the confusion about what the man said.
Looking back at Jesus now, he seems to be Neutral Good. But if you think about it, he was VERY revolutionary. He was re-interpreting God's Law all over the place. And, despite what most Christians will tell you, he was throwing large chunks of it out. GOD's Law, which had been codified and laid out for thousands of years by prophets and sages, and here's this guy was telling people, "No, no, no. You don't do it that way. This is how you do it." and "Forget about all those rules, just follow THIS one..." Even today, people get thrown in the nuthatch for ideas a lot less against accepted societal beliefs than "Love your neighbor as yourself."
At any rate, Jesus was Chaotic Good.
EDITED to remove needlessly inflamatory comments that my antihistamine-addled brain thought were reasonable at 1:30 in the morning. Sorry.
King Arthur: Some people have him NG. In some versions of the story, he invented Rule of Law (as opposed to Rule of Force) in England. In most versions, he ALWAYS keeps his word. And in most versions he invents a code of chivalry to bring order to England. Even in the least Lawful-themed, heavily Celtic versions, he's a tactician and the forger of great armies. This guy is REALLY Lawful Good.
The Jedi: All of the Jedi were LG, except for Qui-Gon and Luke Skywalker. In fact, there's a case to be made that the reason the Jedi ended up being exterminated was because they were LAWFUL good when the Will of the Force wanted them to be lawful GOOD, or Neutral Good. Qui-Gon was NG. He had a reputation as a rebel among the ultra-lawful Jedi, but fundamentally, he was governed by compassion, which is the heart and soul of Neutral Good. Luke Skywalker started out Chaotic Good (like his old man) and became Neutral Good. Personally, my theory is that Lucas intended Qui-Gon to be the perfect Jedi. We are to assume that Luke ultimately grows up to be the spitting philosophical image of Qui-Gon sometime in the aftermath of RotJ. (I won't bring up where most of the books took him, as it leans heavily in the direction of garbage)
Batman: LG (sometimes LN) - In some versions, he's almost Captain America. In other versions, he was basically insane, but his insanity hinged on keeping his two identities COMPLETELY separate with elaborate rules and constructions. i.e. They're "Bruce" and "Dick" in the Mansion, but they're "Batman" and "Robin" in the Batcave, and Robin better watch out if he slips and uses the name "Bruce" when they're in the cave. But despite being basically insane, there's nothing Chaotic about Batman. He lives and dies by a rigid code. The fact that his code doesn't consistently conform to society's laws doesn't make it any less Lawful at its core.
Shakespeare's characters: As Celebrim pointed out, most literature has at least SOME philosophical conflict. Shakespeare's characters especially, were often in the midst of alignment changes. They're generally hard to pigeonhole. Macbeth was evil by the end of the play, but he didn't start out that way (his wife did, but I don't want to get into Western Literature and it's handling of women at this point). Brutus started out rather good, but I think that ultimately Will Shakespeare would agree with the placement Brutus received in the Inferno.
American politicians: Some of the really early ones were LG or CG, but in the long run, most of them have been LN. We sneak a good guy in there periodically, but as a general rule, presidents have been all about keeping the country in relative order and covering their posterior regions.
Here's a thorny one: Jesus of Nazareth. Please keep in mind as you read the following section that this is OPINION. I'm not belittling anyone's beliefs here, just stating my opinion. For the record, I'm a Christian myself, though I'm still searching for the denomination that got it right. I've read his Book, and Jesus spoke pretty plainly. I fail to understand the origin of all the confusion about what the man said.
Looking back at Jesus now, he seems to be Neutral Good. But if you think about it, he was VERY revolutionary. He was re-interpreting God's Law all over the place. And, despite what most Christians will tell you, he was throwing large chunks of it out. GOD's Law, which had been codified and laid out for thousands of years by prophets and sages, and here's this guy was telling people, "No, no, no. You don't do it that way. This is how you do it." and "Forget about all those rules, just follow THIS one..." Even today, people get thrown in the nuthatch for ideas a lot less against accepted societal beliefs than "Love your neighbor as yourself."
At any rate, Jesus was Chaotic Good.
EDITED to remove needlessly inflamatory comments that my antihistamine-addled brain thought were reasonable at 1:30 in the morning. Sorry.
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DM_Matt
First Post
How is it that everyone here lists Buffy as NG or CG. She the only LG character on that show, and thats often significant. She follows an almost Paladin-like code in which she refuses to break the law in any major way for the greater good (although Faith got her to steal once), leaves everything possible to the appropriate authorities (although she did not recognize the jurisdiction of the Initiative, but it turned out that they were extremely corrupt), including being unwilling to harm humans except in self-defense. She also generally favors mercy over vengeance, and refuses to use her powers for selfish reasons.
In the S5 finale, after she defeats Glory and Glory retreats back into Ben, Buffy does not kill him. Rather, Giles approaches saying "Buffy can't kill you. She's a hero. She is not like you and I." and proceeds to kill him.
While I'm at it, the alignments of other characters:
CG: Willow, Dawn, Potentially S7 Spike
NG: Xander, Giles (CG in his youth, tempered by Watcherness and experience), Angel, Oz
LN: Anya, Hallie, De'Hoffryn, the second Sunnydale High principal
N: Original Cordelia
CN: Post-Chip Infatuated with Buffy Spike
LE: Maggie, The Mayor
CE: Original Spike, Angelus, Adam, Glory, Most Vamps and Demons, Oz and Veruca in wolf form
In the S5 finale, after she defeats Glory and Glory retreats back into Ben, Buffy does not kill him. Rather, Giles approaches saying "Buffy can't kill you. She's a hero. She is not like you and I." and proceeds to kill him.
While I'm at it, the alignments of other characters:
CG: Willow, Dawn, Potentially S7 Spike
NG: Xander, Giles (CG in his youth, tempered by Watcherness and experience), Angel, Oz
LN: Anya, Hallie, De'Hoffryn, the second Sunnydale High principal
N: Original Cordelia
CN: Post-Chip Infatuated with Buffy Spike
LE: Maggie, The Mayor
CE: Original Spike, Angelus, Adam, Glory, Most Vamps and Demons, Oz and Veruca in wolf form
Edena_of_Neith
First Post
I see that everyone is in agreement about Judge Dredd being Lawful Neutral.
It is rare to see everyone on the ENBoard agreeing totally on something.
Judge Dredd must have something going for him!
- - -
What about the NPCs of the settings, folks?
What alignment are they?
It is rare to see everyone on the ENBoard agreeing totally on something.
Judge Dredd must have something going for him!
- - -
What about the NPCs of the settings, folks?
What alignment are they?
Lawful Good
Marcie. She's a loyal "companion" to Peppermint Patty, and is one of the few characters who never seems to get mad at the other characters.
Woodstock also fits the "loyal companion" type.
I'd put Charlie Brown in this category, too. He lives in a very ordered universe (get up, eat breakfast, then go face the day and have terrible things happen to you, get ignored by your dog, have friends pick on you. Repeat). But, he still is pretty nice to everyone. Acted as a "natural leader" during "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown".
Neutral Good
Linus Van Pelt. He's the most spiritual of the group and is always trying to do things for other people with no concern for himself. Let's Charlie Brown borrow his most treasured possession (his Blanket) as a good luck charm for the spelling bee.
Chaotic Good
Peppermint Patty. Genuinely a good person, but not very structured (forgets to do her homework, falls asleep in class, switches between hitting on Charlie Brown and then yelling at him). Foreced Charlie Brown into a leadership position in "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown" and then constantly put obstacles in his way to prevent him from succeeding. Lives in a very Patty-o-centric Universe (invited herself over to "Chuck's" for Thanksgiving, but then convinced herself that he had invited her over). Veers close to Chaotic Neutral.
Snoopy. He's the epitome of chaos. Obviously not concerned with rules and regulations (consistently entered hospitals, buses, and libraries that clearly displayed signs of "No Dogs Allowed!"). Veers close to neutrality versus good since his primary concern is when the Round-Headed Kid is going to feed him. Doesn't really seem to know who his owner is, but fiercely protects his friend Woodstock.
Lawful Neutral.
Lucy Van Pelt. Single-minded determination to make Schroeder her beau. Seldom seen doing things for other people (exception: rescued Linus from freezing in the Pumpkin Patch and brought him home). Veers dangerously close to evil with her constant taunting and belitting of Charlie Brown.
Schroeder Dedicates himself to practicing songs by the same composer every single day. Even ignores the flirtations of Lucy to focus on his goal of playing Beethoven.
Sally Brown also fits here ("All I want is what I have coming to me. All I want is my fair share".).
True Neutral.
Violet and Franklin. They just kind of hang out and do their own thing. Never really seen doing things to help other people.
Chaotic Neutral.
Pig Pen fits in this category (creates a cloud of dust in the middle of a snow storm). Called a "Complete mess" by Frieda, his response when looking in a mirror is, "On the contrary, I didn't think I looked that good." Never is really seen doing things for other people. More concerned with himself (ie, "neutral" versus "good").
Freda with the Naturally Curly Hair. Lives in her own reality where everything relates back to her naturally curly hair. Only makes decisions based on whether other women with naturally curly hair would make the same decision. Again, never really seen helping people.
Lawful Evil.
None (although, see "Lucy Van Pelt", above).
Neutral Evil.
Those kids in "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown" who kept shouting, "We're Number One! We're Number One!" and then sabotaged all of the other kids' boats.
Chaotic Evil.
That cat who lives next door to Snoopy and keeps swiping at Snoopy and Woodstock with his claws.
Marcie. She's a loyal "companion" to Peppermint Patty, and is one of the few characters who never seems to get mad at the other characters.
Woodstock also fits the "loyal companion" type.
I'd put Charlie Brown in this category, too. He lives in a very ordered universe (get up, eat breakfast, then go face the day and have terrible things happen to you, get ignored by your dog, have friends pick on you. Repeat). But, he still is pretty nice to everyone. Acted as a "natural leader" during "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown".
Neutral Good
Linus Van Pelt. He's the most spiritual of the group and is always trying to do things for other people with no concern for himself. Let's Charlie Brown borrow his most treasured possession (his Blanket) as a good luck charm for the spelling bee.
Chaotic Good
Peppermint Patty. Genuinely a good person, but not very structured (forgets to do her homework, falls asleep in class, switches between hitting on Charlie Brown and then yelling at him). Foreced Charlie Brown into a leadership position in "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown" and then constantly put obstacles in his way to prevent him from succeeding. Lives in a very Patty-o-centric Universe (invited herself over to "Chuck's" for Thanksgiving, but then convinced herself that he had invited her over). Veers close to Chaotic Neutral.
Snoopy. He's the epitome of chaos. Obviously not concerned with rules and regulations (consistently entered hospitals, buses, and libraries that clearly displayed signs of "No Dogs Allowed!"). Veers close to neutrality versus good since his primary concern is when the Round-Headed Kid is going to feed him. Doesn't really seem to know who his owner is, but fiercely protects his friend Woodstock.
Lawful Neutral.
Lucy Van Pelt. Single-minded determination to make Schroeder her beau. Seldom seen doing things for other people (exception: rescued Linus from freezing in the Pumpkin Patch and brought him home). Veers dangerously close to evil with her constant taunting and belitting of Charlie Brown.
Schroeder Dedicates himself to practicing songs by the same composer every single day. Even ignores the flirtations of Lucy to focus on his goal of playing Beethoven.
Sally Brown also fits here ("All I want is what I have coming to me. All I want is my fair share".).
True Neutral.
Violet and Franklin. They just kind of hang out and do their own thing. Never really seen doing things to help other people.
Chaotic Neutral.
Pig Pen fits in this category (creates a cloud of dust in the middle of a snow storm). Called a "Complete mess" by Frieda, his response when looking in a mirror is, "On the contrary, I didn't think I looked that good." Never is really seen doing things for other people. More concerned with himself (ie, "neutral" versus "good").
Freda with the Naturally Curly Hair. Lives in her own reality where everything relates back to her naturally curly hair. Only makes decisions based on whether other women with naturally curly hair would make the same decision. Again, never really seen helping people.
Lawful Evil.
None (although, see "Lucy Van Pelt", above).
Neutral Evil.
Those kids in "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown" who kept shouting, "We're Number One! We're Number One!" and then sabotaged all of the other kids' boats.
Chaotic Evil.
That cat who lives next door to Snoopy and keeps swiping at Snoopy and Woodstock with his claws.
Robin Hood (at least in his most popular incarnation) is neutral good. He only fought against and stole from King John because he deemed him an illegitimate king that put undue tax burden on the poor and had usurped the throne. When Richard resumes the throne, Robin suddenly becomes Mr. Goody Two Shoes brown nose kissy-kissy again.
He believes in fighting for what is right, and does not strictly adhere to order but supports it when it is used responsibly by those who hold it. In all, he seeks the greater good by all means, which is a pretty straightforward description of neutral good.
He believes in fighting for what is right, and does not strictly adhere to order but supports it when it is used responsibly by those who hold it. In all, he seeks the greater good by all means, which is a pretty straightforward description of neutral good.
Celebrim
Legend
Samothdm: I love your interpretation of the Peanuts gang. Excellent choice of material, as the Peanuts were always about philosophy. I think that for the most part, your assigned alignments are spot on, but in one category I'm mystified. Why did you place Lucy and Sally among the lawful neutrals? Your evidence for this seems to be that they are primarily self interested, which they certainly are, but I don't see how it follows that they are lawful. Are you suggesting either a) that egotism is a neutral trait, and law/chaos is a personality trait like neatness? or b) that egotism is lawful trait?
Is Patty chaotic because she lives in a self centered universe, or is that the reason you say she borders on chaotic neutrality? Etc.
I would tend to see Lucy and Sally as being Chaotic Nuetrals. Actually, very young children like Sally usually don't have alignments and we might be best with Neutral, but Sally does seem to play foil to Charlie's lawfulness quite often.
If we suggest this, then it would nicely explain why Charlie seems to be picked on by almost everyone else in the group except Linus (whose alignment is similar and procludes torment anyway) and possibly Shroeder (whose alignment is similar and limits interest in divisive behavior).
Is Patty chaotic because she lives in a self centered universe, or is that the reason you say she borders on chaotic neutrality? Etc.
I would tend to see Lucy and Sally as being Chaotic Nuetrals. Actually, very young children like Sally usually don't have alignments and we might be best with Neutral, but Sally does seem to play foil to Charlie's lawfulness quite often.
If we suggest this, then it would nicely explain why Charlie seems to be picked on by almost everyone else in the group except Linus (whose alignment is similar and procludes torment anyway) and possibly Shroeder (whose alignment is similar and limits interest in divisive behavior).
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