As Jester said, there are no true rules, only guidelines. The easiest might be to split monsters into "fast-growing" and "slow-growing".
Most fast-growing creatures advance in size once they gain the first HD, up to 1.25 times their original HD, and advance again at twice their original HD. They might advance again at 3 times, but only few creatures advance in size more than twice.
Slow-growing creatures usually advance in size once they have 150% to 200% their original HD, and advance again at 3 times their original HD.
Most creatures stop advancing at 3 times their original HD, but there are some that stop at twice, or never stop advancing.