I always inferred that the indoor restriction was a simplification of the impact of ceilings and so outside you can arc an arrow farther while inside it has to go horizontally straight.
So I would rule that shooting from inside to outside you have to go straight for the 1/3 range.
I would normally agree, but that's why I used the fireball example.
(I would admit that the change from feet to yards only comes up in very occasional edge cases, but given that it also affects, inter alia, movement, it would affect characters that were moving from outside to inside, and vice versa. In other words, while the rule makes perfect sense especially in terms of range of arrows, it makes considerably less sense in other scenarios.)
The other further complication is that while the PHB takes a stab at making the distinction, the DMG explicitly defines inches as 10 feet indoors and 10 feet outdoors, and there are a lot of things measured in inches that aren't either ranges of missile weapons, ranges of spells, or areas of effect!