But to be specific, must of this has a lot more to do with a very specific conception of a type of Barbarian (the wild, Remus and Romulus, non-Conan type) than it does any kind of Ranger archetype. Barbarian = wild. Also, not sure about the using magic to escape- that's more shaman/druid.
The main aspect is "use anything to defend themselves from nature".
Druids and shaman command nature.
Barbarians take nature to the chin and the toughest survive.
Rangers make allies of the parts of nature they willing to deal with and give the rest the finger. They talk to the fauna and flora for info and help killing some orcs, learn a spell to not drown incase the river floods, and figures out a trick to make vines appear out of nowhere to slow a giant.
I'm not trying to beat a dead horse, but this shows the confusion in the class to me. You have articulated a clear class concept- which is great! It seems more like a Barbarian subclass to me, but that's fine- personal preference and all. But your clear class concept doesn't match the other clear class concepts that other people seem to have. Which is the problem.
If you're going to have more "generic" overclasses, like Fighter, it doesn't make a lot of sense to have muddled classes. I am reminded of people that have clear class concepts- like duelist, or brawler. It's great that they have them, and they can certainly create and houserule them. Not sure it needs to be part of RAW.
Heck, personally I still feel a lot of affinity to the old Illusionist and the Incantrix (Dragon). Doesn't mean I need to have them as separate class concepts.
See the key aspect of the ranger is NOT the ranger. It is the wilderness.
You make the wilderness, then you make the rangers to survive that.
Cold and some free starving human barbarians? Some basic warriors in leathers with stealth is fine.
Add some nercomantic near immortal yeti-men? Your rangers need some ancient lore, dire wolf allies, and fairy blood now.
Scariest thing is a lion? A super archer in mail is okay for a ranger.
Add bad wings, a manface, a tail that shoots spikes and a bad attitude? Your archer rangers better shoot lightning on their arrows and create instant fog for aerial cover.
A few gators and swamp water are the biggest hazards. Your ranger just need a knife and know how to swim.
There's a black dragon in that swamp too? They need fear resistance, acid resistance, water walk, and a lot of damage.