Hey dead, I think I need to correct some of the people here...... Many things they're mentioning actually do require the D&D 3E Dungeon Master's Guide or Monster Manual, even if they don't require the Player's Handbook....... Like Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed for example, it has hardly anything from the DMG or MM reprinted or replaced in it, and I think even the more recent Diamond Throne supplement for AU only reprints or replaces some of the DMG and MM material, so that may be outside your monetarily-mindful friend may want to avoid. AU is pretty good overall, but not self-contained.
If he or she wants to run d20 games with only a single rulebook, then d20 Modern is his best bet as far as I know. d20 Modern is a single book that includes chapters on character creation, leveling up, running a game, campaign models, friends and foes (i.e. monsters and alternate races), magic and psionic items, spells and powers, and so on. It presents magic-users and psionics as "advanced classes", which require a character to be at least 3rd-level or so before taking, but your friend could certainly expand them to full, normal classes.
d20 Modern is lacking a few campaign building blocks, but not anything from the core rules; it merely lacks details on magic and psionic item creation/costs, high-level spells/powers, artifacts, epic-level play, and level adjustment/effective character level stuff for playing alternate races. And if your friend ever decides he wants to expand his games, there are a few supplements for d20 Modern that are completely optional, such as Urban Arcana and the Menace Manual, including the d20 Future supplement that will be coming soon. Again, none of these are required for playing d20 Modern, they just expand your options with the game.
I don't own/know about most of the other d20 games people have mentioned, but Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed, and also Everquest d20, are not standalone books, they both require the purchase of at least 1 or 2 other books in order to run a game with them (they don't have monsters, leveling rules, magic items, adventure building rules, or other such stuff).