So the undead 60 feet away "don't know" if they are actually turned or not until after the turning damage is applied to the closest undead.
But that again is not a Scrodinger's Cat.
The cleric throws out some turn energy. But just because a particular undead is within range of the cleric does not mean it is waiting to see if it is turned. If there are more undead in the way than the cleric threw out enough energy to impact, then the effect never reaches that undead.
Again, the range or area of effect is just an upper limit. It might go that far, but if creatures along the way absorb it all, then it does not make it all the way.
The one 60 feet away not knowing is no different than its lack of knowing the round before when the cleric cast spiritual weapon on the necromancer on the other side of the room. The effect either touches the undead or it does not.
When casting spiritual weapon on a necromancer a turn undead effect does not touch the undead and there is nothing to know or not know. When using turn undead with a big enough buffer of other undead in the way, then a turn undead effect again does not touch the undead in question (even though it may be within potential range), so again, there is nothing to know or not know. As far as that undead is concerned, both rounds were exactly the same, the cleric did nothing to the 60 foot away undead.
Yes, the the turn undead had the potential to reach the undead. But it did not, so there is nothing to question.
Lets say you are a fighter and you have a magic charm that gives you 25 temporary HP whenever you are affected by poison. Now, a giant spider tries to bite you. The DM picks up the d20. At this second you gain 25 temp HP right? That poisonous bite is headed your way!!!! Of course not. The DM rolls and, lets assumes, misses. So the charm does not trigger. A poison attack was thrown your direction and it was completely capable of impacting you. But it did not.
The cleric's insufficient total HD turn has the same impact on the 60 ft away undead as the poison in the errant spider fang had on the fighter. Nothing. It may as well not exist.
You are resolving effect before you establish the existence of a cause. If you make certain the cause exists forst, then the problem goes away.
Again, in the PHB sleep example, do you think the Ogre rolled a save? I do not.