To me chaotic societies would be defined by what they lack - law and order. Borderlands, frontiers, war zones and Wild West sort of regions. Areas where there is not only a lack of a centralized government or established order, but active resentment or action against attempts to “civilize” the area. While you might encounter areas or individuals in this area trying to bring it to heel, such beings/power only as far as they can make their influence felt, and would vanish the moment they turned their back.
I’ll use Star Wars as an example - I would consider Mos Eisley (and more specifically, the cantina) as a chaotic society. You might even say the whole of Tattoine is a chaotic society - the Empire’s presence is only present because their searching for Death Star plans, the huts only use it to recruit smugglers and mercenaries, the Jawas and Sand people roam unchecked and the moisture farmers are mostly left to do as they please. There are pockets of law - Jabba’s palace, the local city officials and Empire patrols, but their scope is extremely limited and tenous.