GreenTengu
Adventurer
You're misrepresenting the Beastmaster in your rant.
While its true some options are more powerful than others, it should be intuitive enough that Rangers who want their beast to dominate in combat should choose from the pool of CR 1/4. Of these, there is quite a few good ones.
First off, Wolves aren't even the most damaging companion. That would go to the Giant Poisonous Snake which out-damages even the Ranger themself up until, what? Level 11?,
There are also several strong combat beasts that aren't always about damage like the Pteradon, Giant Frog, Giant Badger, Boar, and Giant Crab.
If you choose anything with a CR less than 1/4, you're basically using it for out-of-combat uses. And those uses can be plentiful.
Regular Hawks, while a beastmaster's companion, have a PP of 21 relying on sight. Owls have darkvision up to 120ft and are tiny, being able to fit through really small gaps for scouting. Ravens can take simple sounds and imitate them, allowing you to trick someone or gain info on what the Raven hears when it scouts. Giant Wolf Spiders get a +9 to stealth at level 3, giving them higher stealth than even a rogue with expertise at that point.
Even if your beast isn't optimized for combat, they can still contribute quite a bit outside of combat. And the drawback for doing so? The base Ranger's damage, as if you didn't have them in combat anyways.
All of this indicates that there may be advantages to having other sorts of animals that I didn't fully calculate (although the wolves higher speed and ability to knock creatures down on a successful hit probably does outweigh what additional damage these few options I didn't consider may offer).
But ultimately the Beast Ranger's version of "extra attack" is "the animal gets to attack" which ties which animal one chose so closely to the Beastmasters combat ability on every single turn of combat so closely that it becomes so important to choose the one with the best possible combat potential that none of the other factors you presented here could ever really possibly even out to a fair trade-off.
The utility of the animal in-combat is so closely tied to the fundamental functionality of the class on every single turn, that the once-in-a-blue-moon advantage that others could imaginably afford one doesn't really matter.
And you certainly haven't addressed why someone who chose a hyena, or even a dog, as a companion should be penalized over someone who chose a wolf. The animals are similar enough that one would think that a similar level version of each should be similar-- but because the monster manual assigned them wildly different stats for reasons entirely unrelated to balance or the animal's physical traits, they were given wildly different stats.