I hear aussies have good health care. True?
How can I put this without it sounding like a diatribe... We did (and still do), is the short answer. Read on for more info (more than you ever dreamed).
We do not have the money to have a US style state of the art health system. We do not have the people for a British NHS style "everything is free" system. Australia has roughly the same landmass as Europe or the US but only about 23 million people. Duplication of basic services across the continent has always been the bane of Australian infrastructure.
Still, our system was pretty good. The federal government set a "schedule payment" for most medical services, like a GP visit or a new pair of glasses. Doctors et al could (and do) charge what they like (we're a capitalist country, after all). The federal government would cover the schedule component of the bill (and all of the bill for defined low-income earners, veterans and select others). Say, for example, the schedule for a GP consult was $35. The doc charges $50, so you need to fund the $15 difference out of your own pocket. There are some doctors that only "bulk bill" (i.e. they only charge schedule payments and are effectively "free").
Likewise on pharmaceuticals. Anything on the pharmaceutical benefit list (non-experimental stuff and things determined as "value for money") is dispensed at a consistent fee of around $15, with the federal government covering the rest. Is around $5 per script for veterans and low-income health card holders etc.
Additionally, emergency hospital treatment is free (state government responsibility). Many surgeries that are routine (ingrown toe nail, vasectomy, Caesarian etc) are also free in the state hospitals. Though there is often a long waiting list for "elective" surgery like a hip replacement. There is no dentistry cover, like the NHS, unless emergency surgery is required.
For all of the above there is a 1.5% levy across all income tax brackets. We call the whole thing Medicare and have had it since around 1970. Pretty sure it only applies to citizens and permanent residents, except accident and emergency.
We also have a dual private system, which is awkward. Federal government discounts private insurance by up to 30%. It basically lets you get discounts on non-Medicare stuff, like dentistry, podiatry, "elective" physio, chiropractic etc. There are also private hospitals. They charge like wounded bulls. Even with private insurance you can be thousands of dollars out of pocket. But, they have quality staff and very short waiting lists.
In the federal budget, tabled last week, the above is basically dismantled. Script fees go up by $5 each, for all people all the time. A $7 "co-payment" for all Medicare schedule claims will also apply, which means the death of universal health care (note some states are making noises about moving GPs into the state hospital system...). Apparently, we can't afford it anymore. But! We can continue discounting private health insurance by 30% and can afford a company tax discount rate drop of 1.5%.
Frankly, I think we've just made a quantum leap towards the world's first modern corporatocracy.