FireLance
Legend
Stop running games in cities, or any other place where the players might expect to find help easily.
If your players are acting too cowardly, they may have been conditioned by previous DMs who routinely sent their PCs against fights that they will not be able to win without taking extraordinary precautions like getting plenty of backup. It's a valid playstyle, but it's obviously not the one that you want to encourage. To get them to act more heroically, you will have to break that conditioning and build up their confidence by routinely sending their PCs against fights that they will likely be able to defeat by themselves.
A more extreme solution is to have a "no character death" policy. Some DMs may recoil at the idea, and/or find it unrealistic, and/or that it messes with their suspension of disbelief, but if you remove character death as a consequence for failure, your players may be willing to take more risks.
If your players are acting too cowardly, they may have been conditioned by previous DMs who routinely sent their PCs against fights that they will not be able to win without taking extraordinary precautions like getting plenty of backup. It's a valid playstyle, but it's obviously not the one that you want to encourage. To get them to act more heroically, you will have to break that conditioning and build up their confidence by routinely sending their PCs against fights that they will likely be able to defeat by themselves.
A more extreme solution is to have a "no character death" policy. Some DMs may recoil at the idea, and/or find it unrealistic, and/or that it messes with their suspension of disbelief, but if you remove character death as a consequence for failure, your players may be willing to take more risks.