I mainly mean Vocal and Somantic components. They have big impacts on combat and stealth, particularly.
I don't personally think they have big impacts at all, in combat. Virtually no component has any impact in combat aside from when Silence is involved. Grappled doesn't stop you using S components, nor does Restrained, indeed the only conditions that do stop you taking actions in general (Incapacitated, Paralyzed, etc.). And that's probably good because if Grappled, say, did, enemy spellcasters would be very easy to deal with.
Literally the only way I can think of any of them interacting with combat in a legit way, not a DM bending the rules, or totally forced bizarro situation is V components vs Silence. If you can think of specific, legit examples (like not some super-corner case thing that happened literally twice in the last thirty years)
Oh the other legit one though extremely rare is if Sorcerer metamagic - if the spell is silent and had a V component, it's arguably impossible to Counterspell. Jeremy Crawford certainly thinks so. But both Silence and Counterspell are things that, in my experience tend to only come out when people are expecting serious enemy spellcasters and not even always then. So that's pretty rare.
I cannot think of a single time Somatic components have ever had any impact on combat, not in 2E, 3E, 4E (did that have components?) or 5E.
Stealth-wise it's really again only V components that tend to interact. I forget the default rules on this but I think we assume you speak the V components at a normal volume so that could mess with Stealth.
As far as I can tell, S components exist solely so you can tie Wizards up to stop them casting spells.