I very much disagree with the last statement. Given the expected scenarios and the known nature of the game, it's the players' job to come up with appropriate PCs that work with these constraints. Unless the DM did a bait and switch, it's not the DM's fault.
I don't think I'd call it a bait-&-switch; I think the DM wasn't prepared to have to improvise part of the adventure. I enjoy them sufficiently that I've never actually run a published adventure; I usually have a map, monster stats, and treasure, and just wing everything else, but not everyone is that comfortable with improvising.
I'm not sure what kind of PC would be appropriate for willingly being arrested and thrown in jail on a false charge.
I don't hand the players a script (I'd have to have one, for one thing). Maybe the OP did let them know "the scenario", but it didn't sound like it to me. The characters were unconnected. The player had no way of knowing that the adventure required his arrest. And the DM reacted to a player straying outside the script by threatening him with the ultimate banhammer.
I'll be honest; I've run games where I've told the players "your characters all know each other, you trust each other, we're skipping all the getting to know each other




." That's my choice; if the OP doesn't roll that way, that's fine and dandy, but he makes his life that much more difficult if he then puts characters relatively unknown to each other in an adversarial position.
The character didn't express opposition to the party, he expressed opposition to being arrested. Unless the DM gave him specific knowledge (which he didn't), that's not out of bounds. I've made decisions as a DM that resulted in characters leaving the party, but not without a lot of consultation with the player, and never to force them into an adventure.
So, I stand by my original statement. It was a bad call on the DM's part. It's not the end of the world. I've done worse. The fact that he started this thread shows a willingness to learn and engage in a discourse, which speaks very highly in his favor. I'd be willing to game with him.
I am not at all familiar with Rise of the Runelords. How pivotal is this false accusation scenario? What's the premise of the adventure?