In this case, I'm going to go with specific beats general for RAI.
Generally you can use a bonus action to cast a spell with a casting time of bonus action, and still use your regular action to cast a spell (though it is limited to a cantrip).
Specifically, action surge allows you to take an additional action.
RAW would indicate that you can either cast spells as above, plus take another non-spell action, or you can cast two regular spells but not a bonus action spell. That seems odd.
I believe RAI should be that the specific extra action granted by action surge overrides the rules about not casting another non-cantrip spell on the same turn as a bonus action spell, therefore with action surge you could either cast cantrip, bonus action spell, plus regular spell, or you could cast regular spell plus regular spell. The extra action ignores the presence of the normal action and bonus action.
Just my take on it, but it seems pretty straightforward. The weird way RAW would have it sounds like 3e and 4e rules-lawyering rather than the simplicity 5e is going for. You just get an extra action, period.