Disclaimer: I am also not Jewish
There is another name for them, yes. Tefillin, which I believe is the more common term for them these days, though I’m not totally sure about that. At any rate, I do recall a post about its use doing the rounds on Tumblr, but it was from a non-Jewish (is Gentile the correct term?) user who’s known for weirdly appropriating Jewish culture and getting offended on behalf of Jewish people. But I have never heard, or even heard of, any actual Jewish folks taking issue with the use of the term phylactery in D&D. Doesn’t mean none ever have or do, but I don’t think there’s any general sentiment that its use in D&D is inappropriate.