I have no doubt there are real-world analogues. J.K. Rowling got her ideas from somewhere.That's just an amplification of a very British structure, and not a unique thing to Potter.
There are still vestiges in the Ivys here
But I cannot think of any analogues among pre-Potter fantasy wizard schools. Unseen University doesn't have this kind of deep factionalism going on, and UU's wizard sports consist of Extreme Napping and Competitive Eating. The wizards' school at Roke has none of this either, nor does Miss Cackle's Academy for Witches. The last item is notable because the "Worst Witch" books were precursors to the Potterverse in many ways; but there is nothing resembling the House system and its all-encompassing division of the school, and the closest it comes to Quidditch is broomstick shows at Halloween.