My recollection is that, in Gygax's DMG, the option of "STR bows" and the like is presented as just that - an option. And I don't remember seeing any instantiation of it in any module (eg in NPC damage numbers).
I wouldn't quite classify it as an option. The DMG says that they exist, but it's the DM's job to set the parameters of what's required to obtain them. They fall under that murky 1e purview of not being standard items available in the equipment list, but neither are they magic items.
The question was not whether the fighter is a better ranged combatant than the cleric - which is true in 4e also - the fighter is proficient in bows and heavier thrown weapons while the cleric is not). The comparison is of fighter ranged attacks to fighter melee attacks.
But that again puts us in the frame of valuing specialization above all else. If we, for the moment, stipulate that the fighter's ranged ability is significantly inferior to their melee ability (I'm going to disagree later, but for the moment we can stipulate it), but that ranged ability is still better than anyone else's ranged ability (and often as good or better than anyone else's melee ability), then it has value and meaning. Particularly if we accept 1e's aesthetic of merging sword-and-sorcery tropes with historical battle tactics simulation. In
that aesthetic, one fighter firing arrows at me from dozens of yards away is less dangerous than that fighter in melee range. The true effectiveness of bows is en masse. That doesn't mean the single fighter with his bow is mediocre. Especially if no one else can match except for a high DEX assassin.
But even if we compare only fighter melee to fighter missiles, I don't think it's
that much of a step down. Damage is pretty much a wash, thanks to the increased rate of fire. The fighter gets, at best, a +2 to-hit adjustment from his STR. I don't think that's a huge difference by itself, prima facie. Then consider that if you miss with melee, that's it for that turn, but if you miss with a missile, you're going to get another chance. Also, the AC (read: armor type) adjustments for bows are quite favorable if you use them. Long bow is better than longsword, IIRC. AD&D combat's rather deep that way. It was designed more for "selecting the right tool for the right job" rather than "one size fits all", and so there are times when missile fire is better and times when melee is better. On the whole, melee does slight more damage than, say, arrows. By the same token, there's a greater chance of receiving damage as well!
Edit: At home with my books, here's a selection of Weapon vs. AC adjustments-
[TABLE="width: 500"] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Weapon/AC
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]4
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]5
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]6
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]7
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]8
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]9
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]10
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Composite Longbow
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Composite Shortbow
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Longbow
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Shortbow
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-5[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-4
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Broadsword
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Longsword
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Bastard sword
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Two-handed sword
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Battle-Axe
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-3
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-2
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+2
[/TD] [/TR] [TR] [TD="align: center"]Footman's Mace
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]0
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]+1
[/TD] [TD="align: center"]-1
[/TD] [/TR] [/TABLE]
This is of course all highly situational. (Also, it can be a pain in the rear, so certainly not everyone will want to use it!) But it shows that there some cases, some quite common, where bows can be more effective than melee. Goblins and Orcs, for example, wear armor that gives them AC 6, so the AC adjustment here can make up for even high STR bonuses.
I don't really agree with your comparisons of fighters to thieves, though.
Edit: Oops, forgot to write this part! Actually, you're right here and it was my mistake. I was at work and I misremembered Expert D&D's fighter improvement over the thief's DEX bonus as being part of AD&D. As you note, in AD&D the DEX 18 advantage is mitigated at many levels, but not clearly surpassed.
Comparing a fighter's damage with a bow to melee damage: 2d6 averages 7, compared to (at 1st level) 3/2 * 7.5 (for 1d8+3 from 16 STR and specialisation), which is greater than 11, or more than 50% better damage. If the fighter has 18/01 STR, the melee damage is 3/2*9.5 (for 1d8+5), or greater than 14, which is more than double the bow damage. And that's before allowing for the +2 to hit (+1 STR, +1 specialisation).
Yeah, but pemerton, you're stacking the deck here. You're saying that if a fighter specializes in melee, he's much better at melee than ranged. Well, yes, sure. But if we're throwing in UA options here, then surely we can go ahead and give a fighter a STR longbow and specialization in that, as well. And/or have him throw that second highest stat into DEX rather than CON. Specialization hath its benefits. Melee-specialized fighters will be better than the baseline for missiles. Ranged-specialized fighters can be equal or better than baseline melee. The more interesting question, IMO, is if I want a fighter who's good at both melee and ranged, can I get it? And I think the answer is yes. If I don't specialize, there's no big gap between melee and ranged, and both can be highly effective when used in the appropriate situations. If I
do specialize in melee, then there's a big gap. I could also specialize in missile weapons and be awesome there. And even baseline missile attacks by a fighter are superior to just about any other class's.
Even without UA, the longsword does more damage with 16 STR (7.5 vs 7) and noticeably more with 18/01 STR (9.5 vs 7). And that's before we get to size L creatures do, where the longsword steps up to 1d12. And the +1 to hit also increases damage, especially at lower levels where base chances to hit are often less than 50%.
7.5 vs 7 doesn't strike me as a much of a gap at all. 9.5 vs 7 is certainly a gap, but again we're moving into ultra-specialization if we're going to jack STR so high but keep DEX at 10. I agree with you that there's a gap, and melee is better in that situation, but I don't agree that a) the 7 is mediocre, even compared to the 9.5, since it's roughly equivalent to the 16 STR melee fighter nor b) that an 18(01) fighter should be the baseline for comparison.
The STR bonus may be a core rule in AD&D 2nd ed (I don't know), but is not in AD&D 1st ed.
It is indeed a core rule in 2nd ed.