Thomas Shey
Legend
I think there's a lot of ideological elements in discussions of sandboxes that obscure what's actually going on.
In your traditional Hex Crawl you will often have safer areas and more dangerous areas with different types of encounter tables and different elements of risk. And the dangerous areas are clearly signalled. eg "The haunted Forest". This is a kind of balance, just as making dungeon levels more dangerous is a kind of balance.
To a point. But as I commented, in the old days this was a pretty big blunt object; a few terrains tended to have better or worse encounters, but even the best of them (barring tables for "settled" tended to be quite capable of killing a low level party outright.
It's just that sandboxes (and old school dungeons) tend to balanced at the level of risk rather than individual encounters.
In this regard CR is actually useful in design environments, it's just that people before CR tended to just go by Hit Dice (and general knowledge). If there's an unavoidable beholder on the first level of a dungeon then something has clearly gone wrong.
Sure. But it seems, as you say, that a lot of sandbox fans are also proponents of certain schools of OSR and seem to consider the very concept of "balance" abhorrent. Its usually the same people who start ranting about "combat as sport".