Not sure this qualifies as "roles", but here's what I think creates a "well rounded" party:
-A STR based bruiser of some sort wit the ability to take a hit.
-A rogue type, DEX based for damage, stealth, etc.
-Access to arcane magic.
-Access to divine magic.
They certainly follow the classic four: Fighter, Thief, Wizard, Cleric.
But they don't have to conform to 4e roles, per se. It's way looser in combat in 5e.
It's a logical progression, the game has entered a period of flowing away from MMO conventions (heck, MMOs are flowing away from MMO conventions, look at Guild Wars 2). So, tank-healer-dps is out.
tl;dr: It's once again about a "well rounded" party that can cover any situation, rather than "roles" that dictate combat duties.
are you ok with some mixing and matching?
-A STR based bruiser of some sort wit the ability to take a hit.
a low str but high con and high wisdom battlemind in 4e was our defender in one game, and a modrite str but high INT and DEX Swordmage in another... both where out bruisers eith the ability to take a hit
-A rogue type, DEX based for damage, stealth, etc.
Again an Avenger with a High Wis and INt could pull that off, or a warlock with a good cha and an ok dex... or a multi classed bard/swordmage with traning in stealth and a flair for being rogue like...
even going back to 2e, sometimes a psionic character could handle this role, but in 4e so could a Invoker (divine), or a well rounded ranger... not to mention both other roles you mentioned could have arcane magic as part of them...
with the exception of 4e and some weird combos at the end of 3e this is a D&D staple... almost every party needs a divine magic user... and I hate that. A lot of my friends don't like playing religus, and the ones that do like it don't like always being the healer...
so again
group 1 FIghter, Rogue, Cleric, Wizard
group 2 Swordmage, Avenger, Warlord, Psion
group 3 Battlemind, Fighter, Shaman, Invoker
group 4 Swordmage, Warlock, Bard, Wizard
group 5 Fighter, Ranger, Warlord, Ranger
group 6 Paliden, Avenger, Ruinpriest, Invoker
group 7 Barbarian, Barbarian, Druid, Druid
all 7 groups have the basics covered, if you call them defender, striker, leader, controller, or if you call them warrior, rogue, healer, aoe, or if you call them fighter, rogue, cleric, wizard... the names can change a bit but the are still the basic D&D party...
Hrm, healing as divine in genre fantasy:
Stephen Erikson's Malazan series - Squad mages are healers. And it is deliberately arcane magic as divine magic invokes gods.
Glen Cook's Black Company - healing is done by arcane casters. There are no divine casters in that world.
David Edding's Belgariad series - healing is done by arcane casters. To be fair though, arcane casters are quasi-divine in that world.
Does Robert Jordan have healers? I've never read him.
I think there are a number of examples of non-divine healing in genre fiction.
in the Dresden books there is both divine (paliden) and arcane (wizard) abilities that heal... in fact in that world arcane users heal quickly. The divide in the power source is very important in the fiction.
in the Necroscope (hey another harry) series everyone is psychic or vampric there is no divine but they have healers.
Word of darkness both novels and game have mages as healers... infact it is very rare for any divine agent to heal...
and then there are alchemical healers... no diven in a lot of books
It's not who gets to cast it, the healing itself is divine magic. (snip about house rule psionics) it's at least a little true in other RPG's and fantasy literature.
not every fantasy literature.., as we just showed with some very popular ones...