Doesn't that already weaken your argument, that it applies to any class, not just Fighters? It would seem your argument is "Intelligence should matter for all combats ever" now.
i admit you're right here it does weaken my position but i think implementing it would be especially apt for the fighter class to gain bonuses this way.
To turn your own question around at you then: What SHOULD Intelligence be doing here, then? Because the things you just described-outwitting, out planning, observing and learning and strategizing--are exclusively the domain of the player herself, not the Fighter she plays. Characters cannot outwit or outplan anything--they are words and numbers on a page. Players outwit and outplan. (Also, observation is Wisdom, not Intelligence, but that's a separate argument.)
this line of thinking gets unpleasantly close to the 'if the players control everything their characters say why do we need a CHA score' argument which IMO is a terrible one, 'if the player can be smart then the character doesn't need to be', no, a character cannot outwit or outplan anything, but the words and numbers exist to abstract that process, but when the fighter uses feinting strike it is not the player who misleads the opponent, but it still happens, in universe the fighter used a battle tactic to decieve and mislead what they were about to do.
For the purpose of D&D combat, the only statistics which matter for doing damage are Strength or Dexterity, unless magic gets involved (e.g. Bladesingers, Pact of the Blade, shillelagh, etc.) The only stat which matters for taking hits is Constitution. Avoiding damage is trickier, since saving throws mean any stat can be used for that, but Intelligence saves are generally about realizing illusions are illusory or avoiding brain-altering stuff (like having your brain eaten).
D&D does not--and with the exception of 4e, has not--ever had any mechanics which tie Intelligence to defense. In 4e, you added the higher of your Dexterity or Intelligence modifier to your Reflex defense, and also to your AC if you were wearing Light armor, and of course numerous classes had attacks that keyed off of Intelligence.
that there is no expression of this in 5e i think is a loss, i am not saying let people use INT for their sword swing but INT is either one of the most essential or useless stats depending on your class, it could stand to provide some additional benefits.
I'm...not really sure that that's the case. Fireball scales very well and defeats enemies rather thoroughly. Being limited to only 5th level spells is a pretty substantial limitation at level 20, even if you have several of them. I'm not really sure this analogy communicates what you want it to communicate,
i probably should've picked a less overtuned spell for my example BUT my point was meant to be that they only have the one answer to solve problems which is to blast it, the 'dumb wizard' doesn't have any versatility or support or control, what happens the moment they run into something with fire resistance or god forbid immunity? the weak wizard need only conjour fire elemental, dimension door away to a safe spot and watch them get beat up, and that's not counting things like absorb elements, banishment, cloudkill, blindness/deafness, dominate person, polymorph, slow and more
so let me attempt to present what I understand your (original) argument to be in my own words.
You see Intelligence as the stat which governs a character's ability to plan and exercise forethought. As a result, you feel it is not only something that should apply to combat, it should be obvious that it applies to combat--after all, thinking about what is going to happen next is a critical skill for combat. As a result, when you hear me say that I don't think there's a lot of room for interesting mechanics which key off of this, you find my position confusing at best.
I've got a few problems with this. One of them is that that's not actually what the Intelligence stat is. Intelligence is about memory and deduction, not planning and forethought.
my position is less that a fighter specifically plans and prepares but more that combat is what they, more than any other class, are learned and educated in, they have studied and mastered numerous fighting styles and how different weapons pair with them(not that DnD does the latter any well), both how and when to use each style and how to defend against them too, they know the best distances to engage certain weapons at, what the advantages and flaws of fighting on certain terrains are, they can quickly analyse and deduce the biggest weaknesses of their enemy to target, they have memorised numerous specialised techniques and researched the counters to them,
THAT is how i think a fighter applies their inteligence in a fight.
No stat in D&D covers planning and forethought--because that is meant to be left up to the actual person at the table, the human being running the character. If you fail to exercise good forethought and planning, you suffer the consequences; if you exercise good forethought and planning, you don't. Another is that the only stat that is even plausibly related, albeit only tangentially, is Wisdom because "good judgment" is among its ridiculous grab-bag of important effects. Some DMs will punish players who dump Wisdom by forcing/inducing them to do stupid crap (=display a lack of forethought and planning)--and guess what, there have in fact been Fighters that used Wisdom in past editions (most notably 4e, where a Str/Wis Fighter was actually quite potent.)
To use your own "let's put this in a different light" approach: In D&D terms, you are asking to be able to use the ability to remember facts and figures, solve equations, memorize book contents, and draw logical conclusions...as your ability to cause harm to other beings or to avoid being harmed by other beings. Quite literally, you're asking to be able to use "book smarts" as a defensive tool. That's...just not what Intelligence does, unless you're going well out on a limb.
I think it's quite possible to go out onto that limb with a subclass. I don't think it should be something ALL Fighters do--especially because doing that would thus punish every Fighter that doesn't prioritize Intelligence. I certainly don't think it's something absolutely every character should do.