A big part of D&D is overcoming adversity. You will not always be in your comfort zone or your effectiveness zone, yet you still need to be able to respond. If you've ever played a caster who's low on slots with an unknown number of encounters still ahead before you can get a long rest, you know that adaptability and creativity are important when you are thrust into a situation where your go-to plan isn't available.
Well, in 5e, even once you're out of slots you have at-will cantrips. And, if you're a prepped caster you go-to plan can be different each day. OTOH, if you're a Champion fighter, you go-to plan was prettymuch picked at first level from a list of combat styles. If you picked 'Archery,' congratulations. ;P
Bows are not the only ranged weapons.
Just the best, yeah.
There are a number of thrown weapons which have the advantage of being one-handed.
And the disadvantage of shorter range, which may even put them in the same boat as melee, some of the time....
But, if you're primarily ranged (DEX) you can use a finesse weapon, while if you're primarily melee (STR) you can use a thrown weapons. So there is that. In both cases, they're not the best weapons evar. The rapier is the best finesse weapon and it's roughly equivalent to the longsword, which is a good 1-handed weapon, but not the 'best' melee weapon. Arguably the gap between the rapier and the better non-finesse melee weapons is narrower than that between thrown weapons like javelins and the best ranged weapons.
YES, you are not nearly as good as a dedicated archer. YES, that's an intentional part of the system. You are not ineffective, and you also can think about how to get around the problem.
With feats and optimal builds a dedicated archer is among the best DPR options in 5e, thanks in part to the sharpshooter feat. A similar feat puts Two-handed weapon users (STR) in the same league. When the STR build is forced into fighting at range, even with all his cool feats, he can expect a significant drop in effectiveness as he tosses whatever secondary weapons he has for the occasion. When the DEX build is forced into fighting in melee, he just keeps shooting, because there's no AoO for doing so in 5e, and his feats mean no disadvantage, either.
IDK if that's an intentional part of the system, or an oversight stemming from the fact that feats are optional...
Or just let any weapon be drawn as part of the attack that uses it, so a full complement of attacks can be made with thrown weapons.
Interpret object interaction a little liberally - I'm interacting with my bandoleer of throwing knives this round.
Also maybe a general bonus to ranges based off STR score. I think being stronger should let you throw farther, which would help with avoiding Disavantage for not being a DEX based character using a DEX based ranged weapon.
Not a bad idea. Tad persnickety for the stereotypical player type the 'simple fighter' was made for.