A persuasive argument AGAINST having status effects and damage at level 1 is that it would be overpowered. However Acid Splash and Ray of Frost demonstrate this is not the case. Acid Splash is a ranged attack that does between 3.5 damage to 7 damage (depending on the positioning of the enemy). Now given that wizards have at least 2 cantrips we can disregard the 3.5 damage and simply go with 7 damage because you would simply use a different spell if there was only a single enemy.The problem with combat options in place of attacks, is having at-wills that do damage and a status effect doesn't come online until level 5. For a wizard it comes online at level 1.
So Acid Splash does 7 damage on average, or 4.9 when you take into account how likely a level 1 wizard is to hit a CR 1 creature. Ray of Frost is another ranged attack and deals 4.5 damage on average, or 3.15 when you take into account how likely a level 1 wizard is to hit a CR 1 creature and it reduces the creature's speed by 10 feet.
This is a reduction of 1.75 damage to get the status effect of a speed reduced by 10 feet, or a damage reduction of 35%.
A fighter with a longbow deals 7.5 damage on average, or (with the ranged fighting technique) 5.85 damage. If you remove the dexterity modifier to damage, the attack gets reduced to 3.6 which is roughly a 35% reduction in damage. Based on the wizard it would be balanced to have this be the case.
So I reject the idea that you must have "attack surge" at will in order to create a fighter that gets to do interesting things other than damage or that giving the fighter interesting things at-will is tantamount to giving him spells.